• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.425-430
• /
• 1999

Complex environmental control systems were developed, which control properly the pig's environment in windowless pig-housing based on the thermoregulatory behaviors of pigs and concentrations of noxious gases (CO2 and NH3). The this study was conducted to assess the performance of complex environmental control systems by raising weaned piglets and growing pigs under different seasonal conditions. Average daily gain of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was slightly higher than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Average daily gain was not significantly different in winter and spring(P＞0.05), but was significantly different in summer(P＜0.05). Feed conversion rate of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was smaller than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Feed conversion rate was not significantly different in environment for weaned piglets and growing pigs resulted in the improved daily gain, feed conversion rate, and carcass quality of the finishing pigs. These results showed that the performance of the complex environmental control systems in windowless pig-housing was excellent for weaned piglets and growing pigs.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.168-174
• /
• 2005

Aluminum tri-butoxide was mixed with the water/ethanol solution and then chloroplatinic acid was added to the solution. The solution was dried at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to remove the solvent and water then it was calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. The catalyst was activated with a gas mixture. During the activation, the temperature was increased from $150^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The necessary amount of urea was dissolved in 50mL water and injected. Aqueous urea solution was then mixed with the feed gas stream. At low temperatures, nitrogen containing compounds of urea decomposition are used as reductants in the reducton of $NO_X$. However at high temperatures the nitrogen containing compounds are oxidized to NO and $NO_2$ by oxygen instead of being used in the reduction. The activity of the catalyst was dependent on urea concentration in the feed stream when there was not adequate water vapor in the feed. The maximum conversion was shifted from $250^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$ when water concentration was increased from 2 to 17%. It seems that the maximum temperature shifts to lower temperatures because the hydrolysis rate of HNCO increases with water, resulting in higher amounts of $NH_3$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.662-669
• /
• 2011

An experiment was conducted with broiler (Cobb 400) male chicks (n = 480) to determine the effect of betaine (Bet) supplementation (0 and 800 mg/kg) to diets containing five concentrations (15, 18, 20, 22 and 24 g/kg crude protein, CP) of methionine (Met) in a $2{\times}5$ factorial study for performance, carcass traits, immune responses, and serum parameters. Each diet was fed ad libitum from 1 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 6 chicks. Birds were housed in battery brooders placed in an open-sided poultry shed. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and slaughter variables were recorded at 21 and 42 d of age. Serum biochemical profile, antibody production against Newcastle disease (ND) and lymphocyte proliferation ratio (LPR) were analysed at 42 d of age. Supplementing Bet to diets containing sub-optimal concentrations of Met (15 g/kg) improved weight gain and breast yield at 21 d of age (p<0.01), and feed conversion efficiency at 42 d of age (p<0.05). Feed efficiency at 21 d of age, body weight gain at 42 d of age, slaughter variables except breast yield at 21 d of age and ND antibody titres were not affected (p>0.05) by the interaction. LPR increased (p<0.05) with Bet supplementation at 20 g Met/kg CP equal to those broilers fed 24 g Met without Bet. Bet supplementation enhanced the concentrations of protein, globulin and cholesterol in serum of broilers fed sub-optimal concentrations of Met. Results suggested that Bet supplementation (800 mg/kg diet) enhanced growth (21 d), feed conversion efficiency (42 d), breast yield and lymphocyte proliferation in broilers fed a diet containing 15 g Met/kg CP.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 고농도 액상 키토산의 음수 투여가 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 총 7일령의 240수의 육계에 고농도 키토산 0 ppm(대조구), 200 ppm(200) 및 400 ppm(400)을 음용수와 함께 40일간 급여하였다. 증체량과 사료요구율은 28일령까지 차이는 인정되지 않았지만, 그 이후에는 키토산의 음수 투여로 개선되어지는 경향을 보였다. 증체량과 사료 요구율은 29일령에서 35일령 사이에서는 200에서는 개선되는 경향이, 400에서는 유의하게 개선되었다. (p<0.05). 한편 36일령에서 47일령에서는 증체량은 400에서 개선되는 경향이, 200에서는 유의하게 개선되었다(p<0.05). 맹장 내용물 및 분중의 대장균 수는 키토산의 음수 투여에 의해서 감소되었다. 그 효과는 400에서 더 크게 나타났다. 사료중의 건물 및 조지방의 소화율은 키토산의 음수 투여로 개선되어지는 경향이 있었으며, 사료중 조단백질 소화율은 200 및 400 모두 대조구보다 유의하게 개선되었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서, 증체량, 사료 요구율, 맹장 내용물과 분중의 대장균 수의 감소 및 영양소 소화율 개선에 고농도 키토산 400 ppm의 음수 투여가 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제4권4호
• /
• pp.361-368
• /
• 1991

In two experiments 640 starcross replacement pullets between 25 and 154 days of age were fed ad libitum on either of 16 diets formed by the combination of $4CP{\times}4ME$ levels to study the interaction of CP and ME on growth performances. In both experiments, feed intake decreased, but protein intake, energy intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased and sexual maturity hastened with the increase of dietary protein and/or energy level. The protein conversion efficiency decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The energy conversion efficiency, however, did not show any relationship with dietary energy level. There was a greater improvement of growth performance due to simultaneous increase of dietary protein and energy level than that of increasing protein or energy alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.96-100
• /
• 2001

Three commercial strains bred in the US (Hubbard), Holland (Lohman), and Canada (Shaver) and Balady breed of chickens were orally infected with $10^6$ cfu of Salmonella gallinarum per chick. Chicks were compared for weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and contamination of the liver, spleen and intestine with Salmonella gallinarum on the day of slaughter. The Balady chicks had significantly the lowest mortality rate (p<0.01) and weight gain (p<0.001) and poorest feed conversion ratio (p<0.001). Salmonella gallinarum could be shed from the liver, spleen and intestine with alternative rates in all strains. Lohman was the most resistance over the other two commercial strains, while Hubbard had the highest susceptibility. The Balady chicks were the most resistance. However, they may serve as a possible reservoir of Salmonella gallinarum and it may play a role of spreading the infection to the commercial farms in Jordan.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.277-281
• /
• 2013

The experiment was undertaken to see the effects of Bacillus sp. on the growth performance and disease resistance to Salmonella sp. infections. The use of probiotic microbes in poultry is commonly practiced. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was tested using a total of 120 chicks of age of 1 day after hatching. The growth traits examined were body weight gain and feed conversion rate. And also, the Salmonella resistance of Bacillus subtilis was tested after the chicks were orally administered with Salmonella pullorum by gavage force injections. The result showed that Bacillus subtilis yielded a high feed efficiency, consequently increased growth rate. For the effect of Bacillus subtilis on Salmonella infection, Bacillus subtilis significantly improved the resistance to Salmonella pullorum infection. Various clinical symptoms of Salmonella infection were highly decreased by addition of Bacillus sp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.1540-1546
• /
• 2009

One hundred and forty-four piglets with an average birth weight of 1,672${\pm}$13.4 g were used to evaluate different feeding strategies for piglets reared from birth on a dummy sow. A 3${\times}$2 factorial experiment compared three nursing frequencies (1, 3 or 6 h intervals) and two feeding regimes (milk only, or milk combined with access to creep feed and water). The piglets which were nursed at one hour intervals had the lightest body weights at all days, and the poorest combined milk and creep feed dry matter conversion efficiency to piglet body weight gain in the second week. Piglets which were nursed at 3 h intervals had the heaviest body weight at day 15 and 22, but those nursed at 6 h intervals achieved similar body weight by days 29 (milk withdrawal) and 36. Piglets offered creep feed were observed to wean themselves before cessation of milk availability, and the timing of this self-weaning depended on the nursing frequency. The piglets nursed at one hour intervals weaned themselves between day 22 and day 29, those nursed at 3 h intervals weaned themselves between day 15 and day 22, whilst those nursed at 6 h intervals weaned themselves between day 8 and day 15. The piglets which were nursed at 6 h intervals had the highest total dry matter intake in weeks 3 and 4 when fed with milk, creep feed and water but not when fed milk only. They consequently had the poorest dry matter conversion efficiency in the fourth week and overall when fed with milk, creep feed and water, but not when fed milk only. It is concluded that the optimal management routine under these conditions is a 3 h nursing cycle with provision of supplementary creep feed and water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.951-955
• /
• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제37권7호
• /
• pp.1236-1245
• /
• 2024

Objective: The object of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) in broiler diets on growth performance, blood indicators, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. Methods: A total of 180 Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three treatments, each treatment with six replicates and 10 broilers per replicate for a 42-day feeding trial. The control group (CON) was fed corn-soybean meal based diet. The CAP-1 and CAP-2 groups were considered to use CAP to replace 25% or 50% of soybean meal in the diet, respectively. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers at 1 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 1 to 42 d were measured, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the 42nd day of age, two broilers with similar weights and fasted for 12 h were selected in each replicate for blood collection from the brachial wing vein. The blood routine indicators, serum biochemical indicators, serum antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broiler chickens were measured. Results: Replacement of soybean meal with 25% (CAP-1) and 50% (CAP-2) CAP significantly increased the average daily gain of 22 to 42 d and 1 to 42 d and decreased the average daily feed intake and feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The CAP-1 group, and CAP-2 group significantly increased hemoglobulin in the blood of broilers, while the CAP-2 group increased hematocrit content (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of superoxide dismutase and immunoglobulin A in serum of the CAP-2 group were significantly increased, while the contents of malondialdehyde in CAP group were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Replacing soybean meal with CAP led to significant improvements in the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broilers.