• 제목/요약/키워드: feed consumption ratio

검색결과 119건 처리시간 0.024초

Growth Performance, Humoral Immune Response and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Alkali Processed Karanj Cake Incorporated Diet Supplemented with Methionine

  • Panda, K.;Sastry, V.R.B.;Mandal, A.B.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.677-681
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    • 2005
  • A study was conducted to see the effect of dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processed solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) supplemented with methionine on growth performance, humoral immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from 0 to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and twenty, day- old broiler chicks were wing banded, vaccinated against Marek' disease and distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) into 3 groups of 40 chicks each, which was further replicated to 4 and fed on diet containing soybean meal and those of test groups were fed diets containing alkali (1.5% NaOH) treated SKC partially replacing soybean meal nitrogen of reference diet (12.5%) without or with supplementation of methionine (0.2%). Individual body weight of chicks and replicate-wise feed intakes were recorded at weekly intervals throughout the experimental period. Feed consumption from 1 to 14, 28, 42 and 56 d of age was recorded for each replicate and feed conversion efficiency (weight gain/feed intake) for the respective period was calculated. Mortality was monitored on daily basis. On 28$^{th}$ day of experimental feeding, two birds of each replicate in each dietary group (8 birds/diet) were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 1.0% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the antibody titre (log 2) was measured after 5 days by the microtitre haemmagglutination procedure. After 42 days of experimental feeding, a retention study of 4 days (43-47 d) duration was conducted on all birds to determine the retention of various nutrients such as DM, N, Ca, P and GE. On 43$^{rd}$ day of experimental feeding, one representative bird from each replicate of a dietary treatment (4/dietary group) was sacrificed, after fasting for two hours with free access to water, through cervical dislocation to observe the weight of dressed carcass, primal cuts (breast, thigh, drumstick, back, neck and wing), giblet (liver, heart and gizzard), abdominal fat and digestive organs. The body weight gain of chicks fed reference diet and those fed diet incorporated with NaOH treated SKC (12.5% replacement) with or without methionine supplementation was comparable during 0 to 4 weeks of age. However, dietary incorporation of alkali processed SKC replacing 12.5% nitrogen moiety of soybean meal resulted in growth retardation, subsequently as evidenced by significantly (p<0.05) lowered body weight gain during 0 to 6 weeks of age in birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC at 6.43% without methionine as compared to those supplemented with methionine or reference diet. Dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH) processed SKC replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen in the diet of broiler chickens had no adverse effect on feed conversion ratio during all the weeks of experimental feeding. The humoral immune response (HIR) as measured by the antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was comparable among all the dietary groups. No significant difference in the intake and retention of DM, N, Ca, P or GE was noted among the chicks fed reference and alkali processed SKC incorporated diets with or without methionine supplementation. None of the carcass traits varied significantly due to dietary variations, except the percent weight of liver and giblet. The percent liver weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC as compared to that in other two groups. Thus solvent extracted karanj cake could be incorporated after alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processing at an enhanced level of 6.43%, replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen, in the broiler diets up to 4 weeks of age, beyond which the observed growth depression on this diet could be alleviated by 0.2% methionine supplementation.

Effects of Fattening Period on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Lipogenic Gene Expression in Hanwoo Steers

  • Kwon, Eung Gi;Park, Byung Ki;Kim, Hyeong Cheol;Cho, Young Moo;Kim, Tae Il;Chang, Sun Sik;Oh, Young Kyoon;Kim, Nam Kuk;Kim, Jun Ho;Kim, Young Jun;Kim, Eun-Jib;Im, Seok Ki;Choi, Nag-Jin
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제22권12호
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    • pp.1654-1660
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different fattening periods i.e. 25, 27 and 29 months of age (25 mo, 27 mo and 29 mo), on feed consumption, body weight gain, carcass parameters, and lipogenic gene expression in 45 Korean native steers (Hanwoo). Daily DM intake was higher in steers on 29 mo compared with those on 25 mo or 27 mo. Daily body weight gain was higher in steers on 25 mo compared with those on 27 mo or 29 mo during fattening and overall experimental periods. Therefore, feed conversion ratio was lower in 25 mo compared with 27 mo or 29 mo during the fattening and whole experimental periods. As expected, slaughter and carcass weights were higher in the order of 29 mo>27 mo>25 mo. Carcass yield grade was relatively lower in 29 mo reflecting higher back fat thickness compared with other treatments, while carcass quality grade was not largely influenced by the treatments. By investigation with an ultra-sound scanning technique, the marbling score was significantly and numerically higher in 25 mo compared with 27 mo or 29 mo. The mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene were gradually increased in the late fattening stages (p<0.01) and mRNA of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene were highly expressed in 29 mo compared with 25 mo and 27 mo (p<0.05). However, gene expressions of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were not significantly different among the treatments. Thus the present results indicated that different fattening period has no major effect on carcass characteristics, although 25 mo had a lower carcass weight compared with 27 mo or 29 mo.

Effect of Feeding Bypass Protein with Urea Treated Grass on the Performance of Red Kandhari Calves

  • Wankhede, S.M.;Kalbande, V.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제14권7호
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    • pp.970-973
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    • 2001
  • An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding concentrate mixtures varying in bypass protein levels with urea-treated or untreated grass on the performance of twelve Red Kandhari calves (14 months of age and 78.15 kg body weight) for a period of 75 days. Dry grass was treated with 4 percent urea solution and ensiled for 30 days. The CP ($N{\times}6.25$) content in urea treated grass increased from 3.96 to 8.89 percent. Two iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures (CM-I and CM-II) varying in RDP to UDP ratio viz., 65:35 and 55.45 were prepared. The calves in control group ($T_1$) were fed concentrate mixture-I with ad libitum untreated dry grass and those in experimental group ($T_2$) were fed concentrate mixture-II with ad libitum urea treated dry grass. The dry matter consumption in group $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to group $T_1$. The total DMI in $T_1$ and $T_2$ was 146.92 and 166.95 kg respectively, whereas the DMI per day and per 100 kg body weight was 1.94 and 2.22 and 1.90 and 2.35 kg, respectively. The average total gain in body weight (kg) and average daily gain (g) of calves in $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to those in $T_1$ the values being 28.66, 18.33 and 382.16, 244.44, respectively. Feed efficiency in terms of kg DM per kg gain in body weight was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group $T_1$ than in $T_2$. The cost of feed per kg gain in body weight for $T_2$ and $T_1$ group was Rs. 21.14, 28.22, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF and ADF were 59.60, 57.50, 53.00, 65.04, 45.82, 48.48, 52.48 and 55.73 for $T_1$ group. The coressponding values were 68.78, 67.80, 59.83, 71.41, 49.93, 53.37 and 57.81, respectively for $T_2$ group. The digestibility coefficients for all the proximate principles in $T_2$ were significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to $T_1$. However, NDF and ADF digestibilities were not significantly different. Nutritive value determined in terms of DCP and TDN for The experimental ration was significantly (p<0.01) higher than control ration, the values being 7.32 and 47.34 and 9.39 and 52.40% respectively. The blood urea nitrogen levels at 0, 3 and 6 h interval after feeding were significantly (p<0.01) lower in calves fed experiment ration as compared to control. The overall results indicated that in Red Kandhari calves an optimum growth can be economically achieved by feeding 4 percent urea treated dry and mature grass as basal roughage supplemented with a concentrate mixture containing 20 percent CP, 70% TDN and 45% UDP/bypass protein.

Nutrition Practice to Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Stress on Laying Performance, Metabolic Profile, and Egg Quality in Peak Producing Hens: I. The Humate Supplementation

  • Hayirli, Armagan;Esenbuga, N.;Macit, M.;Lacin, E.;Karaoglu, M.;Karaca, H.;Yildiz, L.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권9호
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    • pp.1310-1319
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    • 2005
  • This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage density (CD) and humate supplementation (HS) on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality during the peak production period in hens. Lohman layers (n = 180, 46 wks of age) were blocked according to the location of cages and then allocated randomly to two levels of CD (4 or 6 hens per cage or 540 vs. 360 $cm^2$/hen) and three levels of HS (0, 0.15, and 0.30%). Egg production (EP) and feed consumption (FC) were measured daily; egg weight was measured bi-weekly; and BW was measured before and after the experiment. Blood and additional egg samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for determination of metabolic profile and egg quality. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA as repeated measures. Except for FC, CD did not affect laying performance parameters. Hens placed in high-density cages had lower FC than hens placed in normal-density cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased FC, EP, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There was a CD by HS interaction effect on FC and EP. Hens placed in high-density cages had greater serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P concentrations and tended to have greater serum corticosterone concentration than hens placed in normaldensity cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatine, and Ca concentrations and linearly decreased serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations. There was a CD by HS interaction effect on serum glucose and albumin concentrations. There were no alterations in egg quality parameters in response to increasing CD. Albumen index and Haugh unit decreased linearly and other egg quality parameters did not change as HS level increased. In conclusion, increased caging density adversely affected metabolic profile, despite insignificantly deteriorating laying performance. Moreover, benefits from humate supplementation seem to be more noteworthy for hens housed in stressing conditions than for hens housed in standard conditions.

Effects of Drinking Reverse-osmosis Treated Deep Sea Water on Growth Performance and Immune Response in Broiler Chickens

  • Keohavong, Bounmy;Lee, Jun-Yeob;Lee, Jeong-Heon;Yun, Seok-Min;Lee, Myeong-Ho;Lee, Sung-Ki;Kim, Gur-Yoo;Ohh, Sang-Jip
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제52권3호
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    • pp.213-220
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    • 2010
  • This study was executed to investigate the effects of drinking deep sea water treated by reverse osmosis process (RO-DSW) on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, relative weight of lymphoid organs and the concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in broiler chickens. A total of 200 one day old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were equally and randomly distributed into 10 ground floor pens (20 chicks per pen, 5 pens per treatment) bedded with rice-husks. The broilers were offered either fresh tap water (Control) or RO-DSW for 28 days (from d 6 to d 33) as the drinking water. The same basal phase 1 diet for first 2 weeks and phase 2 diet for last 2 weeks were offered ad libitum to the birds. The RO-DSW was prepared by diluting 1:20 ratio with deionized water before offering to chickens. The diet for control birds was supplemented with 0.21 % of food-grade salt to satisfy salt need of the birds. Broiler feeding study resulted that there were no differences in amount of water consumption, mortality and FCR between RO-DSW and control chickens. However, feed intake and body weight gain were increased (p<0.05) by RO-DSW drinking. There was no (p>0.05) difference in nutrients utilizability between RO-DSW and fresh water drinking. There were no (p>0.05) differences in the immune response between the control and treatment group. The serum IgG levels were 3.01 vs 2.87 mg/ml and the relative weights of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were 0.23, 0.18 and 0.20 vs. 0.20, 0.17 and 0.14 for RO-DSW vs. control birds, respectively. The immune responses were tended to be improved by RO-DSW drinking. This study showed an improvement in weight gain and feed intake that could be induced by RO-DSW drinking, although it is difficult to explain the reasons of the improvement at this moment. This study implied that RO-DSW could be successfully used as drinking water to broiler chickens.

Linseed oil supplementation affects fatty acid desaturase 2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

  • Szalai, Klaudia;Tempfli, Karoly;Zsedely, Eszter;Lakatos, Erika;Gaspardy, Andras;Papp, Agnes Bali
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.662-669
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated. Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.

바이오가스 직접 개질을 위한 플라즈마 수소 추출기 운전 특성 연구 (Operation Characteristics of a Plasma Reformer for Biogas Direct Reforming)

  • 이병진;위수빈;이동규;황상연;송형운
    • 공업화학
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.404-411
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    • 2023
  • 바이오가스 직접 개질을 위해 플라즈마 방전영역을 확장할 수 있는 3상 글라이딩 아크 플라즈마 수소 추출기를 설계하고 스팀과 메탄의 부피 비율, 가스 유량, 플라즈마 입력 전력에 대해 개질 특성을 평가하여 운전 조건을 최적화했다. 수소생산효율은 플라즈마 에너지 밀도가 작을수록 증가하는 것으로 확인되었지만 CXHY 혹은 carbon soot와 같은 촉매 내구성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 부산물들이 발생했다. 부산물 생성을 억제하기 위해 스팀과 메탄의 비율 혹은 플라즈마 에너지 밀도를 높여야 했고 플라즈마 개질기 최적 조건으로 스팀과 메탄의 비율을 3, 플라즈마 에너지 밀도를 5.5 ~ 6.0 kJ/L로 선정했다. 또한 플라즈마 개질기에서 발생하는 열이 반응가스를 500 ℃ 이상까지 올려줄 수 있어 바이오가스 버너의 연료사용량을 줄여 수소생산효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

육계에서 담수녹조류 Euglena 첨가사료가 생산성 및 흉근의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Fresh Water Algae Euglena on the Performance and Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens)

  • 최선우;백인기;박봉선
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.273-281
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구는 생물학적 탄산가스 고정화에 사용되는 Euglena를 단세포 단백 사료 자원으로 이용하고, DHA를 강화시킨 변종을 육계의 사료에 첨가하였을 때 그 이용성과 도체지방산에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 시험 1에서는 갓 부화한 육계병아리(Ross) 210수를 반복당 10수씩 3반복으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 에너지 함량과 조단백 질함량이 전기에는 3,150 kcaHg, $22\%$, 후기에는 3,200 kcal/kg, $19\%$가 되도록 한 대조구사료에 EG(Euglena gracilis Z.)를 0.25, 0.50, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구와 EGBD(Euglen gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched)를 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 7처리구로 하였다. 시험 2에서는 육계병아리(Ross) 250수를 반복당 10수씩 5반복으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 대조구 사료에 EGD(Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched)를 0.5, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구와 EGBD를 0.5, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 5처리구로 하였다. 사양시험은 5주간 실시하였고 매주 사료섭취량과 증체량, 사료요구율 및 폐사율을 측정하였다. 사양시험종료 후 대사시험을 실시하고, 가슴살을 채취하여 지방산을 분석하였다. 시험 1의 결과를 보면, 증체량은 시험 전 기간 동안 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 사료요구율은 대조구에 비해 Euglena 첨가구들이 좋은 경향이 있었다. 단백질의 이용율은 EG를 첨가한 구들이 EGBD를 첨가한 구들보다 높은 경향이 있었다. 가슴살 내 지방산은 linoleic acid와 arachidonic acid가 $1.0\%$의 EG를 첨가한 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다. EPA는 유의한 차이는 없었지만, EGBD를 첨가한 구들에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. DHA는 $2.0\%$의 EGBB를 첨가한 구에서 유의적으로 가장 높았고, 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구들에 비해 EGBD를 첨가한 구들이 유의적으로 높았다. 실험 2에서도 증체량은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 사료요구율은 시험 전 기간동안 EGBD를 첨가한 구가 유의적으로 좋았다. 가슴살의 지방산 조성의 결과를 보면 linoleic acid는 대조구가 유의하게 높았다. EP4 DHA와 lignoceric acid는 모두 $1.0\%$의 EGBD를 첨가한 구가 유의적으로 가장 높았고, Euglena를 첨가한 구들 모두가 대조구보다 높았으며, 그중 EGBD를 첨가한 구들이 유의적으로 더 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로, Euglena의 첨가가 육계의 생산성에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못했지만, 시험 2에선 EGBD의 첨가가 사료효율을 개선시키는 경향.이 있었다. DHA를 강화시킨 Euglena인 EGD나 EGBD의 첨가는 계육 내의 DHA를 비롯한 $\omega$-3 계열의 지방산의 수준을 높이는데, 특히 EGBD는 DHA 강화 효과가 높았다.

가축의 fumonisin 중독증에 대한 최근 연구 동향 : 종설 (The current status of fumonisin toxicosis in domestic animals: A review)

  • 임채웅;임병무
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.405-416
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    • 1995
  • 말의 뇌화연증(equine leukoencephalomalacia)과 돼지의 폐수종(porcine pulmonary edema)은 Fusarium에 오염된 옥수수로 인하여 발생되는 것으로 추정되어 왔다. 1988년에 F moniliforme에서 2차 대사산물인 fumonisin $B_1(FB_1)$이 동정되면서 오염된 옥수수와 순수 분리된 $FB_1$으로 두질병이 실험적으로 재현되었고, 말과 돼지 이외의 다른 가축에 대해서도 독성 연구가 진행되고 있다. fumonisins(FBs)는 모든 종에서 간에 독성을 나타내나 종에 따라 주요 독성 장기가 각기 다름이 밝혀지고 있다. FB의 독성 기전에 대해서는 잘 알려지지 않았으나 FB가 sphingolipid 생성과정을 차단함으로써 장기 및 혈중에 sphinganine(SA) : sphingosine(SO)를 증가시키는 것으로 알려졌다. 이는 증가된 SA : SO가 FB 독성의 진단기준이 될 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 최근 진행 중인 연구에 의하면, 저용량의 $FB_1$ 급식 투여가 돼지에서 혈중 입자(blood-born particle)에 대한 폐혈관 대식 세포(pulmonary intravascular macrophage)의 탐식 능력을 저하시켜, 세균 감염에 대한 감수성이 증가될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. Fusarium 속균은 전세계적으로 생산되는 옥수수에서 발생되고 있으며, 우리나라는 사료에 사용되는 옥수수의 절대량을 수입에 의존하고 있는 점을 고려할 때, 허용기준 및 무해용량 등에 대한 관리가 절실하다. 이 논문에서는 최근 연구된 FB에 의한 가축 독성에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.

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Effects of Feeding Levels of Starter on Weaning Age, Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Health Parameters in Holstein Dairy Calves

  • Nejad, J. Ghassemi;Hosseindoust, A.;Shoae, A.;Ghorbani, B.;Lee, B.H.;Oskoueian, E.;Hajilari, D.;Amouzmehr, A.;Lohakare, J.D.;Sung, K.I.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.827-830
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    • 2013
  • To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of $40.5{\pm}2.4$ kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight at pre-weaning (less than 5 wk) and post-weaning (8 wk) was lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the highest among all treatments in pre-weaning period (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and total DMI was higher in that calves received 800 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter were weaned earlier (p<0.05) and showed lower milk consumption (kg, DM) compared with other treatments whereas no significant difference was observed between calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter (p>0.05). Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber digestibility among all treatments (p>0.05).Treatments had no significant effect on time of starting rumination, respiratory score, and days of drug administration for pneumonia. There were no meaningful differences in feces, fecal odor scores, body temperature, and days of drug administration for diarrhea among all treatments (p>0.05). Total dry matter intake at the end of experiment showed no significant difference among calves fed 600 and 800 g/d of starter, but calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter showed more dry matter (DM) intake than calves in the 600 and 800 g/d groups (p<0.05).