• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.879-890
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the use of Megasphaera elsdenii (M. elsdenii) as a probiotic on rumen fermentation, production performance, carcass traits and health of ruminants by integrating data from various related studies using meta-analysis. Methods: A total of 32 studies (consisted of 136 data points) were obtained and integrated into a database. The parameters integrated were fermentation products, rumen microbes, production performance, carcass quality, animal health, blood and urine metabolites. Statistical analysis of the compiled database used a mixed model methodology. Different studies were considered random effects, while M. elsdenii supplementation doses were considered fixed effects. p-values and the Akaike information criterion were employed as model statistics. The model was deemed significant at p<0.05 or had a tendency to be significant when p-value between 0.05<p<0.10. Results: Supplementation with M. elsdenii increased (p<0.05) some proportion of fermented rumen products such as propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate, and significantly reduced (p<0.05) lactic acid concentration, acetate proportion, total bacterial population and methane emission. Furthermore, the probiotic supplementation enhanced (p<0.05) livestock production performance, especially in the average daily gain and body condition score. Regarding the carcass quality, hot carcass weight and carcass gain were elevated (p< 0.05) due to the M. elsdenii supplementation. Animal health also showed improvement as indicated by the lower (p<0.05) diarrhoea and bloat incidences as well as the liver abscess. However, M. elsdenii supplementation had negligible effects on blood and urine metabolites of ruminants. Conclusion: Supplementation of M. elsdenii is capable of decreasing ruminal lactic acid concentration, enhancing rumen health, elevating some favourable rumen fermentation products, and in turn, increasing production performance of ruminants.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 1996년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.74-79
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• 1996

The wear of partially coated pinion cutters under several cutting conditions was studied. In the realm of this experiment, chipping was a dominant tool wear mechanism and flank wear was much larger than crater wear. Under the condition of relatively low rotary feed and low radial feed rate, the wear due to chipping was concentrated at the nose part of pinion cutter. Increasing of rotary feed and radial feed rate alleviated the concentration of chipping at nose and prolonged tool life.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.500-508
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Momordica charantia saponin (MCS) on ruminal fermentation of maize stover and abundance of selected microbial populations in vitro. Five levels of MCS supplements (0, 0.01, 0.06, 0.30, 0.60 mg/mL) were tested. The pH, $NH_3-N$, and volatile fatty acid were measured at 6, 24, 48 h of in vitro mixed incubation fluids, whilst the selected microbial populations were determined at 6 and 24 h. The high dose of MCS increased the initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value = 0 ($FRD_0$) and the fractional rate of gas production (k), but decreased the theoretical maximum of gas production ($V_F$) and the half-life ($t_{0.5}$) compared with the control. The $NH_3-N$ concentration reached the lowest concentration with 0.01 mg MCS/mL at 6 h. The MSC inclusion increased (p<0.001) the molar proportion of butyrate, isovalerate at 24 h and 48 h, and the molar proportion of acetate at 24 h, but then decreased (p<0.05) them at 48 h. The molar proportion of valerate was increased (p<0.05) at 24 h. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P; linear, p<0.01) was increased at 24 h, but reached the least value at the level of 0.30 mg/mL MCS. The MCS inclusion decreased (p<0.05) the molar proportion of propionate at 24 h and then increased it at 48 h. The concentration of total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.001) at 24 h, but reached the greatest concentration at the level of 0.01 mg/mL and the least concentration at the level of 0.60 mg/mL. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus was increased at 6 h and 24 h, and the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes was the lowest (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 6 h and 24 h. The relative abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and fungus reached the greatest value (p<0.05) at low doses of MCS inclusion and the least value (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 24 h. The present results demonstrates that a high level of MCS quickly inhibits in vitro fermentation of maize stover, while MCS at low doses has the ability to modulate the ruminal fermentation pattern by regulating the number of functional rumen microbes including cellulolytic bacteria and fungi populations, and may have potential as a feed additive applied in the diets of ruminants.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2013

The present study explored the way to desalinate seawater for agricultural irrigation using forward osmosis (FO) process using liquid fertilizer as draw solution. FO experiments were performed in a cross flow mode using flat sheet FO membrane. The effect of membrane orientation, flow rate, and draw solution concentration on the performance of forward osmosis was investigated by measuring water flux of forward osmosis membrane. The water flux when the draw solution was placed against the membrane active layer was lower than the water flux when the feed solution was placed against the membrane active layer. This results indicated that the decrease of effective osmotic pressure by dilutive internal concentration polarization was less than that by concentrative internal concentration polarization. Increasing flow rate from 66.7 to 133.1 $cm^3$/min resulted in increase of the water flux when the membrane active layer orient to draw solution and feed solution, respectively. The reduction of resistance to water flow increased water flux at higher flow rate. The water flux of FO membrane increased with increasing draw solution concentration from 10000 to 30000 mg/L. The water flux for $KH_2PO_4$ draw solution was similar to that for commercial fertilizer. Optimization of FO process would contribute to economically desalinate brackish water for agricultural use.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 1998

Animal cells in culture typically convert most of the glucose they consume into lactate. The accumulation of lactate, however, is commonly cited as one of the factors that inhibit cell growth and limit the maximum cell concentration that can be achieved in culture. The specific production of lactate and the amount of glucose converted to lactate can be reduced when cells are grown in a fed-batch culture in which the residual glucose concentration is maintained at low levels. Such a fed-batch culture was used to grow and adapt hybridoma cells into a low-lactate-producing state before changing into continuous culture. The cells reached and maintained a high viable cell concentration at steady state. In a similar manner, cells that were initially grown in batch culture and a glucose-rich environment reached a steady state with a cell concentration that is much lower. The feed composition and dilution rates for both cultures were similar, suggesting steady state multiplicity. From a processing perspective the desired steady state among those is the one with the least metabolite production. At such seady state nutrient concentration in the feed can be further increased to increase cell and product concentrations without causing the metabolite inhibitory effect typically seen in a cell culture. Controlling cell metabolism in a continuous culture to reduce or eliminate waste metabolite production may significantly improve the productivity of mammalian cell culture processes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1700-1707
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 4주간 혼합곡 식이를 공급하여 treadmill을 통한 운동시간과 glycogen 저장능력 변화를 관찰함으로써 지구력 개선에 대한 평가를 하였다. 7주령 SD rats은 정상군 (Nor, 정상식이, n=6), 대조군(Con, 20% 정상식이+80% milled rice, n=6), GI(혼합곡 식이 I, n=6), GII(혼합곡 식이 II, n=6), GIII(혼합곡 III, n=6)와 GIV(혼합곡 식이 IV, n=6)으로 임의 군배정을 하였다. 지구력 시험은 24일간의 적응훈련과 혼합곡 식이 공급을 한 후 실시하였다. 운동 지속시간과 glycogen 저장능력은 혼합곡 식이 공급에 의해서 증가하였다. 더욱이 25 min 운동 그리고/또는 탈진 시까지의 운동 후에서 혈액 내 무기질 인, CPK와 lactate의 농도는 혼합곡 투여에 의하여 감소하였으나, GOP, GTP, lactate LDH의 농도는 군간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 4주간의 혼합곡 식이가 운동 지속 시간과 glycogen 장 능력이 증가되었으며, 피로물질인 무기질 인, CPK와 lactate의 농도가 감소시킴으로써 지구력 개선에 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2004

본 시험은 vitamin C와 E 급여가 한우 거세우의 도체등급, 성분 함량 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험구는 대조구(비타민 C 비급여 및 비타민 E 20 IU/kg feed), 비타민 C 급여구(비타민 C 0.1%/kg feed 및 비타민 E 20 IU/kg feed), 비타민 E 급여구(비타민 E 220 IU/kg feed) 및 비타민 C와 E 혼합 급여구(비타민 C 0.1%/kg fed 및 비타민 E 220 IU/kg feed)의 네 처리구로 나누어 출하 전 90일 동안 사양시험을 실시하였고, 도체등급, 배최장근의 비타민 C와 E 함량 및 지방산 조성을 조사하였다. 육량등급은 비타민 C와 E 혼합 급여구가 다른 구보다 좋았고, 육질등급은 대조구와 비타민 급여구간에 유의적인 차이는 없엇다. 배최장근 중의 일반성분 함량은 대조구와 비타민 급여구간에 뚜렷한 차이는 나타나지 않았고, 배최장근 중의 비타민 C 함량은 비타민 C 급여구 및 비타민 C와 E 혼합 급여구가 높았으며, 비타민 E 함량은 비타민 E 급여구 및 비타민 C 와 E 혼합 급여구가 높았다. 배최장근 중의 지방ㅅ나 조성 중 myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid 및 oleic acid는 비타민 C 급여구가 높았고, linoleic acid는 비타민 E 급여구가 높았으며, 총 포화지방산과 총 불포화지방산은 처리구간에 유의적인(P<0.05) 차이는 없었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

국내 유통사료 239점에 대하여 푸사리움 속 곰팡이독소 4종(NIV, DON, T-2, ZEN)에 대하여 오염도조사를 실시하였다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소 정제에 많이 사용되는 면역친화 컬럼을 사용하지 않고 일반 SPE컬럼을 이용하였으며, HPLC/MS/MS로 동시 분석하였다. 각각의 성분 별로 77.42~111.20%의 회수율과 $0.3{\sim}2.0\;{\mu}g/l$의 양호한 정성한계(LOD)를 보였다. 분석 결과 사료 중에 조사대상 곰팡이독소가 광범위하게 오염되어 있었으며, 특히 DON과 ZEN은 모든 배합에서 확인되었다. 소 사료의 경우 DON과 ZEN은 평균 $812.1\;{\mu}g/kg$과 $147.2\;{\mu}g/kg$의 오염도를 보여 닭 사료나 돼지 사료보다 약 4배정도 높은 오염도를 보였으며, 그 원료로 사용된 단미 사료를 조사해본 결과 수입 단백피가 주요 오염원인 것으로 확인됐다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1361-1368
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• 2006

Amino acid imbalances refer to the deleterious effects that occur when a second-limiting amino acid or mixture of amino acid lacking a particular limiting amino acid is supplemented in diets marginal in one or more indispensable amino acids. In spite of variation in the conditions that have been used to induce amino acid imbalances, such as protein level in the diet, the extent of difference in total nitrogen content between basal and imbalanced diets, and kinds of amino acids used as imbalancing agents, the conspicuous common features of amino acid imbalances have been a decreased concentration of the limiting amino acid in blood, depression of feed intake and weight gain, and increased dietary content of the limiting amino acid needed to correct the imbalances. There is strong evidence that a decrease in the concentration of a limiting amino acid detected in the anterior prepyriform cortex of the brain is followed by behavioral effects, especially a decrease in feed intake. This might be due to the competition between the limiting amino acid and the amino acids in the imbalancing mixture for transport from blood into brain. One of the biochemical responses of animals fed amino acid imbalanced diets is a rapid decrease in the concentration of the limiting amino acid, which are due in part to an increase in catabolism of the limiting amino acid by the increased activities of enzymes involved in the catabolism of the amino acid. Practically, specific amino acid imbalances could be induced in swine and poultry diets that have been supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan when threonine, isoleucine, valine, etc. are potentially third- or fourth-limiting in diets. In these cases supplementation of the limiting amino acid could be beneficial in preventing the decrease of feed intake that could otherwise occur as a result of amino acid imbalance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1424-1432
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• 2007

Two male, rumen fistulated crossbred Brahman-Thai native beef cattle (body weight = $400{\pm}50$ kg), fed on rice straw as a source of roughage, were used as rumen fluid sources. The treatments were $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangements; two roughages (fresh cassava foliage and cassava hay) and three sulfur levels (elemental sulfur) at 0.2 (control), 0.5 and 1% of DM, respectively. The experiment revealed that the rates (c) of gas production, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, true digestibility, total concentration or molar proportions of VFA and microbial biomass were not significantly different between cassava hay and fresh cassava foliage. However, all parameters for cassava hay were higher than for fresh cassava foliage. The supplementation of 0.5% sulfur to fresh cassava foliage resulted in a significant increase in the rate of gas production, true digestibility, total concentration of VFA, microbial biomass, rate of HCN disappearance, thiocyanate appearance and cyanide percentage conversion into thiocyanate. However, there were no effects of sulfur supplementation at 0.2, 0.5 and 1% to cassava hay. The finding suggests the utilization of cassava foliage for rumen microorganisms in terms of fermentation and HCN detoxification could be improved by sulfur supplementation of 0.5% of DM.