• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the biology of three species, Tipula latemarginata Alexander, T. nova Walker and T. aino Alexander, of the Genus Tipula in Korea. Field surveys for the biology of the species were carried out at the three sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2005. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the biology. The larval habitats of the species were streams, rivers, paddy fields, damp earth or leaky revetments. The Tipula larvae were herbivorous. Newly-hatched first instar larvae fed on soft algae, and the larvae gradually fed on leaves, stems and roots of a variety of plants or hard leaf litters, as they grew. During the molting of the larvae their body kept moving from left to right and up and down. Molting usually took not more than 2 hours, and about four hours after molting, the larvae started to eat heavily. The Tipula larvae in aquatic places moved to drier land for pupation and went through short prepupal stage lasting 1-2 days for pupation at fourth instar larval stage. When emerging, the Tipula pupae placed their head and thorax on the earth, but the other parts in the earth. Emergence from the pupal case required about 20 min. to one hour. Mating of Tipula adults took place within 5-7min. after emergence and the duration of mating was about 40 min. The female adults of the species laid eggs by walking with 3 pairs of legs over the damp earth or algal beds. Their body was positioned vertically on the ground with their wings spread $120^{\circ}$ and legs landed on the surface. The oviposition usually took place from one day to 4 days after emergence and the number of eggs carried by female adults were an average of 501-760 per individual. Tipula adults didn't normally feed, and drank water only occasionally. For a few days after emergence, the adults reared in the laboratory rarely drank water. As they neared to death, however, they frequently drank water. The longevity of adults reared in the laboratory with only water during the summer was ca. 4-9 days and males usually survived a little longer than females. The longevity of T. nova was increased 3 times or more as much by feeding them 3% sugar water. Male adults of T. latemarginata outnumbered female adults by 2.6 : 1 in the fields.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.39-45
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of hot water soluble extract from green tea on the components of serum and the liver and the antioxidative effects in accordance with the different protein types. For this purpose, four experimental groups were set up. As for the protein source casein, isolated soy protein was supplemented to the rats, together with hot water soluble extract from green tea. Four experimental groups kept eight Sprague-Dawley rats respectively. The CP group was supplemented with casein only, the CG group was supplemented with casein and hot water soluble extract from green tea, the ISP group was supplemented with isolated soy protein only, and the ISG group was supplemented with the isolated soy protein with hot water soluble extract from green tea. After 4 weeks of feeding with experimental diet, the levels of serum and liver lipid and antioxidant enzyme activity and TBARS in the liver were measured. The results are; 1. Weight gain and FER were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group in general. In the casein group, the weight gain and FER were reduced significantly when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed intake. 2. In general, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the serum were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group, however just the concentration of LDL-cholesterol in the casein group was significantly lower when the hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). 3. Triglycerides in the liver were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group general, however when hot water soluble extract from green teas was supplemented only in the isolated soy protein group, the content of triglyceride in liver was significantly lower (P < 0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver in all the groups, however the content of TBARS was low only in the casein group when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05).

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

World production of mushrooms has been increasing 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis are very popular as new mushroom species for cultivation. Two kinds of mushrooms, Gumji (Ganoderma) and Soji, were described in old book of Samguksagi (History of the three kingdoms; 1145) in Koryo-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms were also described in more than 16 kinds of old books during Chosun-dynasty in Korea. One hundred and sixty commercial strains of 25 species in mushrooms were distributed to cultivators. By the way, only 8 varieties of them have registered variety protection. Mushroom industry as important export products developed from 1960 to 1980. Production of mushrooms as food was 181,828 metric tons valued at 800 billion Korean won in 2003. Isolated and identified substances from mushrooms are promising antifungal, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiviral (anti-HIV), antibacterial & antiparasitic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, kidney tonic, hepatoprotective, nerve tonic, and sexual potentiator. These substances can also be used for blood pressure regulation and effective against cardiovascular disorders, hypocholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia, and chronicbronchitis. Mushroom products including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the markets. Compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest. The mushroom industry is already one of the fastest growing investment sectors in Korea. By the way, there is a need to strain improvement for variety protection, advanced cultivation technology at low cost for growers, and control of demand and supply for marketing in order to more upgrade development of mushroom industry in the future.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.303-314
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was carried out to assess exposure levels of organic dusts and ammonia in poultry farms in Korea. Methods: A total of six poultry farms were investigated. The farms were located in Namwon, Chonlabuk-do and in Kae-San, Chungchongbuk-do. This study consisted of a questionnaire and measuring organic dusts and ammonia. The questionnaire included the characteristics of the farms, work patterns and the tasks of the poultry farms. Results and Conclusions: The farmers raised the chickens 45 times a year and the average number of years in the poultry farm were eight years ranging from 2 to 12 years. They worked for seven days per week and the average hours spent caring the chickens are 6.3 hours per day. The duration of staying in the confinement buildings was 3.3 hours per day. The work time in summer was longest. The feed and the water supply systems were automatic and the control of ventilation windows used "winch curtain" was semiautomatic. They used mechanical ventilation system in winter and used dilution ventilation system in the other seasons. The geometric mean concentration of total and respirable dust sampled in the poultry confinement buildings was 4.0 mg/$m^3$and 0.9 mg/$m^3$ respectively. The ratio of respirable to total dusts range from 9 to 49 percent. There was no sample exceeding the criteria 10 mg/$m^3$ for total dust and 3 mg/$m^3$ for respirable dust in farms. The criteria have been recommended by Korean Ministry of Labor and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist. The personal respirable dusts measured during a circle work averaged geometric mean concentration 1.4 mg/$m^3$ Two personal samples were exceeded the threshold 3 mg/$m^3$. There was a positive relation between an index and the personal samples of respirable dusts($R^2$=0.98). The index is calculated by multipling the total number of chickens in the farm by the age of the chickens and then dividing by the volume of the confinement building. The geometric mean concentration of area and personal ammonia samples was 23.3 ppm and 22.2 ppm, respectively. Some of the ammonia samples, both area and personal samples, exceeded the short term exposure limit value 35 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

To investigate the effect of tillage methods on the silage barely growth and the soil environment in paddy field, liquid pig manure(LPM) was applied after harvesting rice at Jisan series soil for 2 years. Five plots, a LPM applied rate as N%; 0, 100, 150, 200(basal dressing) and 100(basal dressing)+50(additional fertilizer) were divided by tillage methods; non-tillage, non-tillage+rice straw and rotary tillage method. Emission amounts of $NH_3$ gas highly decreased in the rotary tillage and the non-tillage+rice straw plot compared to non-tillage plot. The contents of soil organic matter and exchangeable cation were increased in the applied LPM plot. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents in soil were the highest in the non-tillage+rice straw plot and followed by the rotary tillage and highly decreased along with the growth of plant. Run-off rate of mineral components were higher in order of the rotary tillage plot£æthe non-tillage plot£æthe non-tillage+rice straw plot and then leached to $SO_4$, $NO_3-N$, K plentifully. The yield of silage barley in dry weight was higher in order of the non-tillage+rice straw plot>the rotary tillage plot>the non-tillage plot. To estimate the feed value of silage barley, crude protein, acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents were analyzed. Crude protein and ADF contents were the highest at rotary tillage N150% plot as 9.7 and 29.4%, respectively. NDF contents was the highest at non-tillage+rice straw N150% plot as 56.7%. In conclusion, we recommend not to incinerate rice straw and to apply LPM at non-tillage status in cultivating the silage barley. This may prevent water pollution and increase barley yields.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

There are barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale winter cereal crops for whole crop silage. These small grains have been suitable to use for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to understand the growth and productivity of five winter cereals grown at paddy field in middle region of South Korea. The ratio of culm weight per plant were described by quadratic function for 5 winter cereals crops. The peak of culm ratio were 1 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 5 May in wheat variety Keumkang', 10 May in rye 'Gogu'(Rye), 11 May in triticale variety 'Shinyoung' and 13 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The ratio of leaf per plant were linearly decreased by growing. In barley and oat, the ratio of spike weight per plant were linearly increased after heading, but in wheat and triticale, it were not accumulated at one time after heading and rapidly increased after fertilization. The ratio of spike weight per plant in barley was outstandingly higher than that of wheat, triticale, rye and oat, respectively. So, barley variety 'Youngyang' recommended for whole crop forage use was suitable for forage use because of high at ratio of the leaf and spike. The proper cutting date by the percentage of dry matter for baled-silage making, 30$[\sim}$40%, were 25 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 25 May to 5 June in wheat variety 'Keumkang' and triticale variety 'Shinyoung', 15 May in rye 'Gogu' and 5 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The total aerial fresh weight accumulation at different cutting dates were described by quadratic function for barley, wheat and triticale. The forage fresh yield were peaked at 7 May in barley, 14 May in wheat, 17 May in triticale and late of May in oat, respectively. The dry matter yields of four small cereals were linearly increased after over-wintering. The yield at the date of proper harvesting time by water content for baled silage making were sequently high oat, barley, wheat, triticale and rye. The relative growth rate was relatively high in rye at early cutting but high in oat at late cutting. In barley, wheat and triticale, the rate were similar.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.451-462
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate fungi and mycotoxin contamination of the rice straw bale silage in Korean. It was tested the 33 samples of rice straw round bale silage with various condition which fed cattle in the farm. The level of fungal contamination was $2.1{\times}10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ in the average and $9.2{\times}10^8\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ in the maximum. The fungal contamination was detected in the all of normal samples which good condition of rice straw bale silage. When the fungi was isolate and identify, it was found 28 species and mycotoxin producing fungi were 8 species as following as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum. Specially, Penicillium paneum was found 42% of samples and Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus, A. fumigatus) are 21% of samples. In case of mycotoxin contamination, the 42% of samples are detected more than one kind of mycotoxin. Some samples are contaminated three kinds of mycotoxin. This study was not found aflatoxin ($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$) and fumonisin ($B_1$, $B_2$), but were detected the contamination of ochratoxin A (1.0~5.8 ug/kg), deoxynivalenol (DON, 156.0~776.7 ug/kg) and zearalenone (ZON, 38.0~750.0 ug/kg). Therefore, the above results show that rice straw round bale silage expose on hazard factors as mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination, and than need more research about mycotoxin in animal feed to protect animal and human healthy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the harvest management during autumn on the forage production, quality and regrowth of following year of Phragmites communis as native grass. Field experiments were conducted in Ansan and in Cheonan from 2010 to 2011. Forages were cut at 3 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm in height as compared to control (no harvest) in Ansan plots, and forages grown in Cheonan plots were cut at 10 cm and 20 cm in height with control (no harvest). The forages were harvested one time on Oct 7, 2011 in Ansan, and were harvested twice on July 7 and on October 7 in Cheonan. In Ansan, dry matter (DM) yield of control plot the following year were higher than those from harvested plots. In vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields, however, were the same: 1,236 kg/ha from control, 1,234 kg from 15 cm cut and 1,241 kg from 25 cm cut plots, except that lower IVDDM yield from 3 cm cut plot than these were observed. Forage quality of control plot was poorer than those of harvested ones. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) of control were 39.98% and 65.3, respectively as compared to harvested plots (42.36~46.40% IVDMD and 67.8~72.5 RFV). Yield and quality from Cheonan plots were similar to those from Ansan plots. Annual yield in DM and in CP from control plot were a little higher than those from harvested plots. However, there were no difference found in IVDDM yield between 20 cm cut (5,354 kg/ha) and control (5,178 kg). But IVDDM of 10 cm cut forages was less (4,531 kg). Forage quality scores were better from 20 cm cut, and 10 cm cut plot than control, in order (p<0.05). The quality grades were the 5th and 6th for forages from harvested plots and control plot, respectively. Regrown Phragmites communis from all Cheonan plots ranked the 4th in forage quality. More than 70% of annual yield was observed from the first grown forages. One time harvest per year was desirable for following regrowth and long time stable production of Phragmites communis. We recommended that Phragmites communis be harvested once for more forage yield with higher quality, and that optimum cutting height is 15~20 cm.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics, yield, chemical compositions and nutrients yield of corn hybrids for silage in the newly reclaimed hilly land. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The seeding time was at May 6. The harvest time of four treatments was milk stage (97 days), dough stage (105 days), yellow stage (112 days) and late yellow stage (119 days after seeding). Plant height, ear height, leaf numbers and ear length were highest in yellow stage (p<0.05, 0.01), but dead leaf, stem hardness and sugar degree (Brix) were higher in late yellow than other treatments. Leaf width, tip filling degree and fresh yield were not significantly different. Dry matter yield increased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different. NDF and ADF decreased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Ca content was the highest at milk stage (p<0.05), Fe and P were the highest at dough stage (p<0.05, 0.01). However another minerals were not significantly different. Essential amino acid (EAA), nonessential amino acid (NEAA) and total amino acid were highest at yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Total free sugar contents were higher in the order of Milk > dough > yellow > late yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Crude protein yield was the highest at yellow stage, but crude fat yield, amino acid yield and TDN yield were highest at late yellow stage (p<0.01). Total mineral yield showed no significant difference. Based on the above results, yellow and late yellow stage compared to other maturity stage have been shown to increase dry matter yield and nutrients yield, when silage corn grow cultivate in the newly reclaimed hilly land.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.395-408
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• 2011

The study which it sees exclusions the copper and the zinc which contain in pig sludge, It study pig sludge resources fertilizer production which are rational, pig sludge resources fertilizers after seeding, silage corn it investigates growth characteristics and forage value, the result which investigates pig sludge resources fertilizers effectiveness with afterwards is same. With fertilizer ingredients in pig sludge chemical qualities, the content of the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid comes 4.4% to be 6.29%, pH 7.02 and content of the copper and the zinc which is a heavy metal which contains in pig sludge with 805 mg/kg and 1,704 mg/kg, it is a restrictive standard of the fertilizer, 300 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg it sees to be high, it manufactures citric acid 1 hydrate with the organic acid solution, heavy metals of pig sludge where it is a mixture ratio of the organic acid solution, it divides to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% 4 kind levels, the result which measures the heavy metal exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc, the mixture ratio of the organic acid solution to be many exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc is showing a just interrelation, from organic acid solution 100% level content of pig sludge remains copper and zinc 330.03 mg/kg and 41.28 mg/kg, it shows the exclusion ratio of copper 59% zinc 97%. 'Cheonganok' growth characteristics with citric acid 1 hydrate, Treatment 2 and control growth characteristics etc, it exclusion the copper and the zinc it doesn't appear on significant difference statistically but, treatment 3 after only pig sludge in resources disposal where it seeding, growth characteristics of leaf area etc. is badness, it compares in control and treatment 2 the growth characteristics badness, it is appearing, it is caused by with disease and insects occurrence of $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ and brown spot, the damage was many. From forage value, Treatment 2 where it exclusion the heavy metal with the citric acid 1 hydrate with control it compares and there are not significant difference from crude protein and ADF and NDF contents etc., seeding only Pig Sludge in resources disposal treatment 3, it is caused by with $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ etc., trunk and aging of the leaf to be high ADF content is low. but from crude protein, the nitrogen ingredient which pig sludge has and interrelation it seemed and high numerical value were confirmed.