• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

본 실험은 기존 사슴사료에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 대체 가능성을 검토하기 위해 숫사슴에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준을 0, 15, 및 30%로 달리하여 소화율, 증체량, 건물채식량 및 질소출납에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 모든 처리구에서 실험사슴들은 비슷한 수준의 채식량을 나타내어 건물기준으로 체중의 약 3% 정도의 채식량을 기록하고 있어 육계분 발효사료를 30%까지 첨가한 경우 숫사슴의 채식 기호도에는 부정적인 영향이 나타나지 않는 것으로 판단되었다. 건물소화율은 Control이 76.5%로 가장 높았고, T2가 70.3%로 가장 낮아 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조단백질의 경우도 Control구가 75.8%로 가장 높은 소화율을 나타냈으며, T2가 70.2%로 가장 낮은 소화율을 나타내어 처리간에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조섬유 소화율은 Control구 70.8.%, T1구 62.7%, T2구 56.0%로 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아짐에 따라 조섬유 소화율이 저하되어 Control구와의 사이에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 건물 및 가소화 건물섭취량 모두 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아질수록 약간씩 저하되는 경향은 있었으나 그 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 실험사슴들의 일당 증체량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으며 Con- trol구에서 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 차이는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 질소섭취량은 T1구가 40.2g으로 가장 많았으며 T2구가 38.0g으로 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 분 중 질소의 양은 T2구에서 가장 높았으며 뇨 중 질소의 양은 Control구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 체내 질소 축적량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으나 나머지 처리구들과 비슷한 수준을 유지했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1734-1740
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• 2001

Feeding trials using weanling pigs and broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different metal-amino acid chelates and complexes at various levels of copper and zinc on the performance and fecal excretions. A total of 200 weanling pigs (Large White ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $11.20{\pm}0.81kg$) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were designated as : A-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, B-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-amino acid chelate (CAC) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino acid chelate (ZAC), C-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CAC and 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, D-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-lysine complex (CL) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-methionine complex (ZM), and E-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CL and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. On the other trial, 144 of one day old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 8 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-diet with 60 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 40 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 2-diet with 120 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 80 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 3-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CAC and 40 ppm Zn from ZAC, 4-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CAC and 80 ppm Zn from ZAC, 5-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CL and 40 ppm Zn from ZM, and 6-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CL and 80 ppm Zn from ZM. In Exp. 1 with pigs, there was no difference on average daily gain and average daily feed intake observed among treatments. There was improvement (p<0.05) on the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed diet containing 120 ppm Zn and 170 ppm Cu from metal-amino acid chelates relative to those fed diet containing inorganic sources of Cu and Zn but equally efficient as those fed diet containing metal-amino acid complexes. Pigs fed diet containing either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes as sources of Cu and Zn had higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum and lower (p<0.05) in feces than those receiving diet with inorganic sources. In Exp. 2 with broiler chicks, the overall FCR was not different among treatments. Higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum was obtained from birds fed diet with 60 ppm Cu and 40 ppm Zn from metal-amino acid chelates compared to those fed diet with inorganic sources of Cu and Zn. Also, the feces collected from birds fed diet with either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes contained generally lower Cu and Zn than those birds fed diet with inorganic sources. The higher the dietary level of Cu and Zn the higher the Cu and Zn concentration in the feces. Based on the results, both metal-amino acid chelates and complexes of Cu and Zn at low levels (Zn 60 ppm, Cu 85 ppm for weanling pigs and Zn 40 ppm, Cu 60 ppm for broiler chicks) are not different from that of high levels of inorganic sources in maintaining growth performance and serum concentration. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn were greatly reduced when organic sources were used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1963-1973
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and lipase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, intestinal morphology, small intestinal digestive enzyme activities, biochemical index of intestinal development and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $7.3{\pm}0.12kg$ were used in this 28-d experiment. Weaning pigs were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with 2 levels of energy (net energy = 2,470 kcal/kg for low energy diet and 2,545 kcal/kg for basal diet) and 2 levels of lipase (0 and 1.5 U/g of lipase) according to BW and sex. There were 6 replications (pens) per treatment and 10 pigs per pen (5 barrows and 5 gilts). Results: Weaning pigs fed the low energy diet had lower (p<0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) throughout the experiment, apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, ether extract, and gross energy during d 0 to 14, average daily gain during d 15 to 28, lipase activity in duodenum and ileum and protein/DNA in jejunum (p<0.05), respectively. Lipase supplementation had no effect on growth performance but affected apparent nutrient digestibility (p<0.05) on d 14 and enhanced lipase activity in the duodenum and ileum and protease activity in duodenum and jejunum of pigs (p<0.05) fed the low energy diet. Lipase reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), $NH_3$ production (p<0.05) from the feces. Conclusion: The low energy diet decreased G:F throughout the experiment and nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 as well as lipase activity in duodenum and ileum. Lipase supplementation increased nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 and exerted beneficial effects on lipase activity in duodenum and ileum as well as protease activity in duodenum and jejunum, while reduced serum LDL-C, TG and fecal $NH_3$.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2011

본 연구는 청보리 사일리지가 첨가된 발효사료를 임신돈에 급여하였을 때 분에서의 악취물질 농도와 미생물 변화를 조사하고, 변비예방 효과를 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 1. in vitro 시험결과 페놀은 타피오카, 비트펄프, 밀기울, 루핀종실에서 검출되지 않았으며, p-크레졸은 9.62~52.11 mg/L 범위로 검출되었는데, 루핀종실이 가장 높았고, 타피오카가 가장 낮았다. 또한 타피오카와 비트펄프에서는 인돌과 스카톨이 검출되지 않아 악취저감용 원료사료로 타피오카와 비트펄프가 가장 유용한 것으로 평가되었다. 2. 비트펄프를 기초로 배합한 악취저감사료를 28일간 임신돈에 급여한 후 분을 채취하여 성상을 조사한 결과 대조구에 비하여 발효사료 급여구에서 수분함량이 높고 경도가 낮았으며, 대장균 (E. coli) 수는 적었으며, 유산균 (lactobacilus) 수는 많았다. 3. 돼지의 분 중 p-크레졸과 스카톨 농도를 측정한 결과 대조구에서는 각각 33%와 67%가 검출한계 이하로 조사되었으나, 발효사료 구에서는 각각 67%와 100% 검출한계 이하로서 조사되어 발효사료를 섭취한 돼지의 분에서 악취가 감소될 수 있었다. 4. 따라서 임신돈에 청보리사일리지가 첨가된 발효사료를 급여하였을 때 대장의 기능이 개선되어 변비예방과 악취감소의 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.420-425
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• 2008

The storage of rice polishing (RP) with and without addition of antioxidant for sixteen weeks and its effect on rancidity and metabolizable energy values during the summer season was determined. Fifteen Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels of approximately uniform age and weight were procured and kept in metabolic cages under standard feeding and management practices. Five force feeding trials were conducted. In the first trial, fresh RP with 0 weeks of storage (diet 1 and 2) was used followed by four feeding trials with 4 (diet 3, 4), 8 (diet 5, 6), 12 (diet 7, 8), and 16 (diet 9, 10) weeks of storage of RP. The same birds were used in all trails. The birds were fasted for a period of 21 h, followed by force feeding of 20 g of RP with and without antioxidant for all storage periods. The control/fasting group was also maintained to measure endogenous fecal losses. Excreta were collected after 48 h for the determination of AME and TME values of RP. Along with the biological trials, laboratory assay of the RP stored with and without antioxidant was conducted to measure the extent of rancidity in terms of Thiobarbituric acid value (TBA). The TBA values were affected (p<0.05) by storage period and the values increased when the storage period increased from 4 to 16 weeks. However, the TBA values were significantly reduced (p<0.05) when RP was stored after addition of antioxidant when compared with the values obtained from RP stored without antioxidant (diet 3 vs. 4, 5 vs. 6, 7 vs. 8, and 9 vs. 10). The AME MJ/kg and TME MJ/kg values of RP were neither affected by increase in storage period nor addition of antioxidant. The findings of this study revealed that there was no effect of rancidity and storage time on the nutritive value, AME or TME of RP in poultry. However, TBA values were increased with the increase in storage period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.218-226
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and the effect of total collection days (two and four days) on apparent digestibility estimates for lambs fed diets containing sugar cane treated with calcium oxide (CaO). Eight Santa In$\hat{e}$s castrated male lambs with a $16.6{\pm}1.8$ kg body weight were used. The lambs were distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares, with four experimental periods of 14 d each. The animals were kept in 1.2 $m^2$ individual pens, and the intake and digestibility evaluations were performed during the last four days of each period. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, containing 14% crude protein (CP), and presenting 70% sugar cane treated with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% of CaO (as-fed basis), corrected with 1% urea, and 30% concentrate. The sugar cane with added CaO was chopped, treated, and offered to the animals after 24 h of storage. The sugar cane with CaO increased the DM, OM, CP, NDF, NDFap, TC, NFCap and TDN intake (kg/d), when compared to natural sugar cane, and produced the same intake expressed as a percentage of body weight (% BW). The NFCap digestibility of the CaO-treated sugar cane was inferior to the NFCap digestibility in natural sugar cane. There was a linear increase in the DM intake with the CaO-added sugar cane, but the DM and NDF digestibility and the TDN content decreased linearly. The chemical treatment of sugar cane with CaO increases the intake but does not improve the nutrient digestibility. Two days of total fecal collection were found to be sufficient to estimate the total apparent digestibility in lambs.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the qualities of cook/chilled soy sauce-glazed soybean curd with various packaging conditions as a trial to develop health-oriented convenience foods. The effects of three packaging methods, linear low density-polyethylene (LLD-PE), top sealing, and modified atmosphere packaging(MAP) on the shelf-life of HACCP-based cook/chilled soy sauce-glazed soybean curd were evaluated during 20 days of chilled storage in terms of time-temperature, microbiological (total aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic plate count, coliform, and fecal coliform count), chemical(pH and peroxide value(POV)), and sensory evaluation. The results of microbiological and chemical analyses were within the limits of the microbial and chemical standards for all phases after cooking. No significant differences were detected in microbial counts of the samples for all three packaging methods. However, sensory evaluation indicated that the top sealing and MAP methods showed a longer shelf-life than LLD-PE packaging. Recommended shelf-life of the product was 12 days for LLD-PE packaging, and 16 days for both top sealing and MAP. In conclusion, MAP was considered as the most effective packaging method for assuring microbial and sensory quality of this cook/chilled product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.374-378
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• 2004

One hundred and twenty crossbred pigs [(Duroc$\times$Yorkshire)$\times$Landrace] were used to determine the effects of plant extract (PE) supplementation on performance and blood characteristics in weaned pigs fed a corn-dried whey-SBM based diet. Treatments were 1) NC (antibiotic free basal diet), 2) PC (NC diet+100 ppm apramycin and 100 ppm oxytetracycline), 3) PE 0.1 (NC diet+0.1% plant extract), 4) PE 0.2 (NC diet+0.2% plant extract) and 5) PE+AB (PC diet+0.1% plant extract). Through the entire experimental period, ADG of pigs fed PC (300 vs. 281 g/d), PE 0.2 (310 vs. 281 g/d) and PE+AB (306 vs. 281 g/d) diets was higher than that of pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). However, no differences were found among the treatments for ADFI and gain/feed. At day 2 after the onset of the experiment, fecal consistency score of pigs fed PC, PE 0.1, PE 0.2 and PE+AB diets was lower than that of pigs fed NC diet. There were no significant differences in red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes concentrations of blood among the treatments. In conclusion, PE can be used to replace antibiotics in diets for weaned pigs without negative affects on performance. Optimal PE levels seemed to be 0.2% and the results obtained point out to a synergic effect of the combination of PE and antibiotic on performance in weaned pigs.