• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.557-560
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• 2011

It has been known that Δ-desaturase (TAD5) in the biosynthetic pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of Thraustochytrium aureumis responsible for the conversion of di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (C20：4) into arachidonic acid (C20：4). The genetic sequence analysis on TAD5 of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 used in this study showed that it has two amino acid changes when compared to that of Thraustochytrium aureum TAD5 first reported in 2003. Accordingly, Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC34304 TAD5 was named TAD5_1. TAD5_1-inserted methylotropic Pichia pastoris was prepared and then cultured with a precursor fatty acid, di-homo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid. GC analysis confirmed that a certain amount of the precursor fatty acid was converted into arachidonic acid. In this study, not only a recombinant Pichia pastoris with the typical activity of ${\Delta}5$-desaturase which plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of LCPUFAs was successfully made but also the preparationpotential of a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain which may synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are important in maintaining and improving human's brain function was proposed.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1013-1020
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• 1997

The cellular fatty acids of 47 marine bacteria representing the genus Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Staphylococcus and Stenotrophomonas were determined by a gasliquid chromatographic analysis. Sixty-eight different fatty acids with 10 to 20 carbon atoms were detected in marine bacteria. Of the eight genus examined, 14:0, 16:0 and i17:0 were detected in all, while i14:0, a15:0, i16:0, and 15:0 were found in most of all. There were significant differences in the fatty acid patterns between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Bacteria of Gram positive genus showed relatively high contents of the branched type fatty acids, while the major fatty acids in Gram negative were unsaturated and straight forms. Phylogenetic relationships between marine bacteria defined by the cellular fatty acid patterns represented obvious differences between Gram positive and Gram negative genera, even in respective genus. Therefore, the bacterial classification and identification can be accomplished more easily and rapidly based on the cellular fatty acid profiles than the conventional methods.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2023

FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.260-271
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in Korean children. As an unhealthy diet is known as one of the major determinants of childhood obesity, assessing and monitoring dietary fat intake of children is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This analysis included 9,998 children aged 3-11 yrs from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h dietary recall. Intakes of total fat and fatty acids, including saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) were evaluated as the absolute amount (g) and proportion of energy from each fatty acid (% of energy). The total fat and SFA intake were also assessed according to compliance with dietary guidelines. Linear trends in the dietary fats intake across the survey period were tested using multiple regression models. RESULTS: Total fat intake significantly increased from 38.5g (20.3% of energy) to 43.4g (23.3% of energy) from 2007 to 2017. This increase was mainly accounted for the increases in intakes of SFA (7.2% to 8.4% of energy) and MUFA (6.2% to 7.5% of energy). PUFA intake increased from 4.4 to 4.7% of energy during the 11-yrs period: from 0.57 to 0.63% of energy for n-3 FA and from 3.8 to 4.1% of energy for n-6 FA. The proportions of children who consumed amounts exceeding the dietary guidelines for total fat and SFA significantly increased from 2007 to 2017, with increases from 9.8% to 17.4% for total fat and from 36.9% to 50.9% for SFA. CONCLUSIONS: Prominent increasing trends in the consumption of total fat and SFA but tiny change in n-3 FA intake were observed in Korean children. The healthy intake of dietary fats should be emphasized in this population.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2013

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding on growth performance and fatty acid profiles in thigh meat of broiler chicken was investigated using meta-analysis with a total of 9 studies. Overall effects were calculated by standardized mean differences between treatment (CLA fed) and control using Hedges's adjusted g from fixed and random effect models. Meta-regression was conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA levels. Subgroups in the same study were designated according to used levels of CLA, CP levels or substituted oils in diets. The effects on final body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were investigated as growth parameters. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations and C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3 concentrations in thigh meat of broiler chicken were used as fatty acid profile parameters. The overall effect of CLA feeding on final weight was negative and it was only significant in fixed effect model (p<0.01). Significantly lower weight gain, feed intake and higher feed conversion ratio compared to control were found (p<0.05). CLA feeding on the overall increased total saturated fatty acid concentration in broilers compared to the control diet (p<0.01). Total unsaturated fatty acid concentration was significantly decreased by CLA feeding (p<0.01). As for individual fatty acid profiles, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3 were increased and C18:2 was significantly decreased by CLA feeding (p<0.01). In conclusion, CLA was proved not to be beneficial for improving growth performance, whereas it might be supposed that CLA is effective modulating n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in thigh meat. However, the economical compensation of the loss from suppressed growth performance and increased saturated fatty acids with the benefit from enhanced n-6/n-3 ratio should be investigated in further studies in order to propose an appropriate use of dietary CLA in the broiler industry.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.301-305
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• 2008

수집종 아주까리 40종의 유전자원을 농촌진흥청 농업생명공학연구원 유전자원과로부터 분양받아 바이오디젤 가능 작물로서 조지방 및 지방산 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 수집종 아주까리 종자의 gas chromatogram은 6개의 피크를 보였고, ricinoleic acid의 retention time은 12.7분대이었다. 아주까리 수집종의 평균 기름 함량은 $44.6{\sim}49.4%$이었으며, 최저 41.4%와 최고 52.2%로 10.8%의 차이가 있었다. 지방산 조성은 불포화지방산이 97.6%로 대부분이었으며, 포화지방산은 2.4% 정도로 낮은 함량을 보였다. 지방산 조성은 87.3%가 ricinoleic acid이었으며, oleic acid와 linoleic acid가 각각 4.6%, 5.2%이었다. palmitic acid와 stearic acid의 함량은 1% 내외로 차이가 미미하였고, linolenic acid의 함량은 0.6% 정도로 가장 낮았다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate changes of the lipid contents and the fatty acid composition in shank during heating time and frozen storage. 1. The total lipid contents of raw shank were about 3.57% and decreased stepwise during heating time 30, 60, 90 min and frozen storage(24hrs) The contents of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were 70.71%, 6.36%, and 22.93% in raw shank, and neutral lipid contents were decreased, whereas Phospholipid contents were increased according to heating tide. In frozen storage, neutral lipid and glycolipid contents were increased, while phospholipid contents were decreased. 2. Lipids of shank possessed about 8 kinds of fatty acid as the constituent by gas-liquid chromatography analysis. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acistearic acid and linoleic acid: the fatty acids of total lipids in raw shank were 43.48% of oleic acid, 23.13% of palmitic acid,12.00% of stearic acid and 6.75% of linoleic acid. Also the fatty acids were 43.32% of oleic acid, 23.26% of palmitic acid, 9.30% of stearic acid 2.15% of linoleic acid in neutral lipid, 22.63% of oleic acid, 8.44% of palmitic acid, 11.98% of stearic acid, 27.01% of linoleic acidin glycolipid, 39.38% of oleic acid, 15.89% of palmitic acid, 15.55% of stearic acid, 17.49% of linoleic acid in phospholipid. 3. The fatty acid pattern of total lipid, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid was not any changes, whereas there was a difference in the fatty acid contents: palmitic acid and stearic acid of total lipid were decreased in the 30 min and 60 min heating but increased in 90min heating, and linoleic acid of neutral lipid was increased stepwise during heating time and frozen storage. Also palmiict acid of glycolipid was increased gradually and linoleic acid in heating time 30, 60 min was higher than 90 min and frozen storage. Among fatty acids in phoapholipid, oleic acid was increased during heating time, while decreased in frozen storage, and linoleic acid was not any change but linolanic acid was increased. UFA/SFA of phospholipid was the highest when heating time was 60 min. From above results, it was found that when heating time was 60 min beneficial nutritionally, comparing with changes of fatty acid composition according to the heating time aid frozen storage.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2010

Dietary lipid biomarkers (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols) in adult specimens were analyzed to compare and understand the feeding ecology of the euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, from three geographically and environmentally diverse Korean waters (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea). Total lipid content of E. pacifica from Korean waters was about 10% dry weight (DW) with a dominance of phospholipids (>46.9% of total lipid content), which are known as membrane components. A saturated fatty acid, C16:0, a monounsaturated fatty acid, C18:1(n-9), and two polyunsaturated fatty acids, C20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), were most abundant (>60% of total fatty acids) in the fatty acid composition. Some of the fatty acids showed slight differences among regions although no significant compositional changes of fatty acids were detected between these regions. Phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected all samples. Trace amounts of various fatty alcohols were also detected in E. pacifica. Specifically, krill from the Yellow Sea showed relatively high amounts of longchain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1 and 22:1), generally found in herbivorous copepods. Three different kinds of sterols were detected in E. pacifica. The most dominant of these sterols was cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of herbivory in E. pacifica from the Yellow Sea and East Sea (mainly feeding on dinoflagellates and diatoms, respectively). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of carnivory or omnivory in E. pacifica from the East China Sea, mainly feeding on microzooplankton such as protozoa. In conclusion, lipid biomarkers provide useful information about krill feeding type. However, further analyses and experiments (i.e. gut content analysis, in situ grazing experiment, etc.) are needed to better understand the feeding ecology of E. pacifica in various marine environments.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.489-500
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• 1999

The fatty acid composition of muscle were investigated to compare muscle composition among the 9 domestic animals including cattle. In major domestic animals, analyzed the effects of age, part and sex of the animal on their fatty acid composition. The content of 4 types of major fatty acids of muscle was determined and calculated their ratio. Myristic acid and palmitic acid levels were high in chicken and sheep. Besides dog muscle contained a lot of stearic acid. Linoleic acid content showed evident difference in the content depending on the animal species. The ratios of linoleic acid/palmitic acid (L/P ratio) and linoleic acid/stearic acid(L/S ratio) were characteristically high in horse and pig, whereas the ratio of palmitic acid/stearic acid(P/S ratio) was $0.71{\pm}0.17$, showing very low level in dog. As for the content of stearic acid, in cattle and chicken it was higher in young animal than adults. In duck, the contents of all fatty acids and ratio were increased by the age. As for the content of fatty acids according to the part of chicken, high level was shown in thigh than in breast and wing, while there was no remarkable variation by the part in other animal. The differences in the content of myristic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid among some animal could be verified in muscle lipid composition. The L/P ratio which maintained certain level regardless of age, part, sex shown distinctive pattern between the species.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.184-191
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• 1996

The cellular fatty acids and quinones of streptomycetes isolated from volcanic soils were analysed. The strains contained fatty acids of 14 to 17 carbon chains, and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid and 14 methylpentadecanoic acid were dominant in most strains. The total profiles consisted of 74% branched fatty acid family, 16.8% linear family and 8.2% unsaturated family. The largest cluster of grey spore meases defined by numerical classification was separated from the remainders in the principal component analysis, but the other clusters were overlapped with one another. In the analysis of respiratory quinones, all of the strains contained either the menaquinone of 9 isoprene units with 6 hydrogenations of 8 hydrogenations as the major species. The distribution of menaquinones among the clusters could provide an important key in the chemotaxonomy of streptomycetes.