• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.281-290
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• 1993

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of degree of unsaturation (Experiment 1) and the chain length of constituent fatty acids of dietary fats (Experiment 2) on-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activities in the liver and small intestine of chicks. Chicks were fed experimental diets for 10 days and then killed for the determination of the HMG-CoA reductase activities in the intestinal epithelial cell and hepatic microsomes. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity showed the highest value in chicks fed the tallow-containing diet. Chicks fed diets containing safflower or coconut oil resulted in a significantly lower intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity in comparison with those fed the olive oil-containing diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly higher when fat-free and trilaurin were fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. This activity showed the lowest value in the chicks fed the diet containing tristearin. The HMG-CoA reductase activities in the jejunum and ileum were significantly or tended to be higher when trilaurin was fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. Except when trilaurin was fed, the presence of saturated fat in the diet did not have a significant effect on the intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity, unlike the effect shown when a highly unsaturated fat was added to the diet. There was no significant correlation between the HMG-CoA reductase activities of the liver and intestinal, and the HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol content of the intestinal epithelial cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.626-636
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• 2001

To compare the effect of three kinds of n-3 fatty acids-eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and perilla oil (PO)-on serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid(PL) at low fat level(5%, w/w), 4-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with one of five different oil diets for 4 weeks. Beef tallow(BT) and corn oil(CO) was used as control for sturated or n-6 fatty acid respectively. Se겨m concentrations of cholesterol(TC) and phospholipid(PL) were lower in PO DHA and EPA groups than in BT and CO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels were higher in CO and PO groups than in EPA, DHA and BT groups. Liver PL concentrations were higher in DHA and EPA groups than in CO, PO and BT groups, but liver TC and heal PL and TC concentrations did not show any significant difference among groups. Hepatic fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two major phospholipids in liver, reflected their dietary fatty acid composition. In PC and PE, total percentage own-6 series was higher in CO group than in any other groups, and that own-3 series was higher in DHA and PO groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. Moreover, the ratio of 20 : 4/18 : 2 was lower in PO and DHA groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. On the contrary, the percentage of C22 : 6 was lower in EPA, CO and BT groups than in PO and DHA groups. These results revealed that n-3 series(EPA, DHA and PO) were more effective in lowering um lipids than n-6 fatty acids or saturated fatty acid. Based on the results of fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid, we suggest that the dietary effect of PO and DHA on antiatherogenic characteristics seems to be similar extent. In addition, the effect of EPA might not be significantly different from that of BT or CO in the view of eicosanoids production from the precursor fatty acid. These difference of hepatic fatty acid composition might come from other characteristics of dietary oil as well as the type of unsaturation, not from the carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation of n-3 fatty acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary fat content and degree of saturation on the function of the immune system. Sixty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 17g were divided into three dietary groups: 5% safflower oil group, 20% safflower oil group, 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Food intake and body weight were measured every day. At 4th, 7th, 10th week after dietary treatment, organ weight measurements, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were performed. Results are follows; 1) Body weight, food intake and calorie intake were not different in the three dietary groups during the experimental period($\alpha$=0.05). 2) Liver weight was significantly higher in 5% safflower oil group($\alpha$=0.05). Spleen index was slightly higher in mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil. Thymus index in all mice was decreased by aging. 3) Delayed-type hypersensitivity of the mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 20% safflower oil. 4) The number of plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in all group($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no difference in plaque forming cell among three groups at 10th week, 5% safflower oil group showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 20% safflower oil group at 7th week. 5) At 4th week, agglutination test seems to be higher in 5% safflower oil group and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group compared to 20% safflower oil group. 6) Percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was slightly reduced in 20% safflower oil group. 7) Spleen tissue was not affected by and dietary treatments. According to our results, the higher the fat content & unsaturation of the diet the lower the cell-mediated immunity of the mice. Humoral-immunity did not appear to be affected by the dietary manipulation. However humoral-immunity was decreased significantly by aging in all dietary groups.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.140-147
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• 1995

For studying the effect of different dietary fats on carcinogenesis, fatty acid composition of membrane and lipid peroxidation were measured. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diet containing 15%(w/w) beef tallow or soybean oil. A single dose of 50 mg 2-AAF/kg B.W. was injected i.p. in each diet group 10 times. Rats were sacrifled after 1, 5, 10, and 15 weeks from the first injection. By 2-AAF injection, !ipid peroxidation increased slightly compared to control group. The rats fed on different fats had similar MDA production and those fed on soybean oil had slightly higher free radical concentration measured by ESR. In young rats, iipid peroxidation level was high and hydroxy radical production was higher in soybean oil group than in beef tallow group. With age, the lipid peroxidation values were decreased initially then increased. The fatty acid composition in microsomal membrane was reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. In soybean oil group, monoenoic acid was lower and polyunsaturated fatty acid was higher than beef tallow group. Linoleic acid contents showed the most discrepancy among groups. By 2-AAF treatment, iinoleic acid content and unsaturation index increased in soybean oil group. But in beef tallow group, there was no difference in fatty acid contents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 1991

장기간의 연속적 오존조사와 식이항산화제 및 식이지방의 불포화도가 생쥐의 폐와 간조직의 지질산화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험동물들은 각각 0.25ppm, 0.50ppm의 오존 또는 정상적 대기환경에서 18개월간 식이항산화제의 수준과 식이지방의 불포화도를 달리한 실험식이들에 의해 사육되었으며 조직의 지질과산화의 정도는 Thiobarbituric acid 반응물질의 농도와 free malonaldehyde의 농도에 의해 측정되었다. 본 연구의 결과, 장기간의 오존조사는 실험식이의 종류에 관계없이 폐조직과 간조직의 지질과산화를 유도하지 않음이 발견되었으며 식이중 비타민 E의 함량과 조직 의 지질과산화생성물의 농도와는 역의 관계를 나타냈고 적절한 식이비타민 E 의 첨가(30ppm)는 식이지방의 불포화도에 관계없이 조직의 지질과산화를 억제하는데 효과적임에 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.408-417
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• 1990

Sprague Dawley 종 수컷쥐(체중 약 450kg) 48마리를 3군으로 나누어 종류가 다른 불포화지방산으로 구성된 실험식이를 6주간 투여하였다. 이때 지방을 15%(W/W)로, 불포화지방산인 n6 linoleic acid의 급원으로는 옥수수기름, n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid의 급원으로는 들기름, n3 EPA와 DHA의 급원으로는 생선유를 투여하되, 포화지방산과 monoenoic acid의 총량을 거의 같게 공급하여 불포화지방산의 영향만을 관찰할 수 있도록 하였다. 어유를 투여한 군의 cholesterol과 HDL-chol양은 옥수수기름과 들기름을 투여한 군에 비해 유의성있게 낮았으며, 불포화지방산의 혈장 cholesterol을 저하시키는 능력은 n3 EPA+n3계 불포화지방산군인 어유와 들기름군이 n6계 불포화지방산군인 옥수수기름군에 비해 유의성있게 더 컸다. Lipoprotein의 상대적인 함량은 식이 불포화지방산의 종류에 의해 영향을 받지 않았으며, 혈장과 적혈구 및 간의 토로페롤 수준은 유사한 수준이었으며 과산화산물 활성은 지방산의 불포화도 정도에 비례하여 증가되었으며 SOD활성의 증가로 인해 간조직의 과산화물의 수준이 감소되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.819-828
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• 1993

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase(LCAT)와 cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP)은 간과 간외조직간의 혈청 cholcsterol 항상성을 유지하는데 중요한 기전인 reverse cholestrol transport system(RCT)에 매우 중요한 인자들이다. 본 연구의 목적은 RCT 기전의 식이 지질 효과를 추정하여 항 고지혈증 치료식이 연구의 중요한 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 4주의 인체대사 실험에서, 새당사 12명의 여성들은 실험 1주 전에 고 포화지질로써 적응시기를 거친 후, 각각 6명씩 high PUFA(corn oil)군과 high SFA(butter)군에 무작위로 배정되었다. Butter군은 total-34(%), esterified-(96%), $HDL_3$-(23%), LDL-(20%) 및 VLDL+LDL-(35%) cholestetol을 감소시켰다. Corn oil군은 esterified(2.5%) 및 LDL-(15%) cholesterol과 triglycerde(27%)를 감소시켰다. Corn oil과 butter fat군간의 식이 효과 차이는 total-(p=0.0001), esterified-(p=0.0001), total HDL-(p=0.005), $HDL_2$-(p=0.01) 및 LDL-(p=0.0001) cholesterol에서 유의적이다. LCAT activity는 두 군에서 변화가 없으나, 4주 후 CETP activity는 butter군에서 2.5배 증가하였다. 이는 VLDL+LDL cholesterol 농도가 butter군에서 증가한 결과와 일치한다. LCAT activity는 corn oil군에서 증가된 HDL의 apo A-I 농도와 free cholesterol과 정의 상관관계가 높은 반면, CETP activity는 total cholesterol과 LDL 및 VLDL+LDL cholesterol과 정의 상관관계가 높았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 1986

청색광(靑色光)파장영역이 결여된 태양광하에서 재배된 작물(광질(光質)처리구)의 잎에서 분리한 인지질(燐脂質)과 미토콘드리아막(膜)에서 분리한 인지질의 지방산조성(組成)의 특성을 지방산 부포화도(不飽和度)(지질분자당(當) 이중결합(二重結合)수)로서 조사하고 백색자연광(白色自然光)하의 작물(대조구(對照區))의 그것과 비교하였다. 공시(供試)된 작물(오이, 호박, 고추, 토마토)에서 공(共)히 광질처리구의 미토콘드리아가 대조구보다 최저 8%(토마토) 최고 49%(오이)의 지방산불포화도증가율($4%{\sim}8%$, 광질(光質)처리구/대조구(對照區))를 훨씬 상회하였다. 이러한 관찰사실은 청색광(靑色光)이 세포생체막(生體膜)의 화학적(化學的) 특성(特性)에 미치는 효과는, 지질지방산의 불포화도에 관한한, 주(主)로 미토콘드리아막(膜)에서 일어났음을 시사한다. 미토콘드리아막의 지방산불포화도가 세포생체막 전체의 평균지방산불포화도보다 현저히 낮은 것을 확인하고, 이것은 미토콘드리아막(膜)에서 전자전달과정(電子傳達過程)의 부반응(副反應)과 청색광에 의한 photosensitized reaction에 의해 각각 생성되는 산화력이 강한 산소화학종(化學種)(특히 oxygen super radical;$O_2-$)에 의한 불포화지방산의 산화적(酸化的) 파괴의 결과라고 해석하였다. 따라서 청색광의 제거는 최소한 photosensitized reaction에 의한 $O_2-$의 생성만은 줄일수 있으므로, 상기 광질처기구에서 나타난 지방산분석결과는 지용성 항산화제(抗酸化劑)(${\alpha}-tocopherol$) 수준의 증가($6{\sim}13%$, 광질처리구/대조구)는 청색광이 유발하는 photodynamic action의 존재를 간접적으로 시사하는 자료가 되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1637-1643
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• 2013

The present work describes the effect of slaughtering age on horse carcass traits and on meat quality. Eighteen male Italian heavy draught horse (IHDH) breed foals were employed in the study. Soon after foaling they were randomly subdivided in 3 groups according to 3 age at slaughtering classes: 6 months old, 11 months old and 18 months old. Live weight, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage of each animal were recorded. After slaughtering, meat samples were collected from Longissimus Dorsi muscle between 13th and 18th thoracic vertebra of each animal and then analyzed. The right half carcass of each animal was then divided in cuts. Each one was subdivided into lean, fat and bones. Then, the classification of the lean meat in first and second quality cuts was performed according to the butchers' customs. Older animals were characterized by a lower incidence of first quality cuts (p<0.01) on carcass. Younger animals showed greater content in protein (p<0.01). Fatty acid profile showed an increasing trend of PUFA connected to the increasing of slaughtering age (p<0.05). The unsaturation index of intramuscular fatty acids was not affected by slaughtering age, confirming that horse meat, if compared to beef, is more suitable from a nutritional point of view. Season influenced reproduction, birth as well as production aspects of this species. The different slaughtering age could represent the way to produce meat of IHDH foals during the entire year without change in the qualitative standard expected by consumers.