• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the fat reduction on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of fermented sausages during ripening and drying. Low fat fermented sausages were produced with different fat levels (30%, 20%, 10%, and 5%) under ripening conditions and fermented process. Samples from each treatment were taken for physicochemical and microbiological analyses on the 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21st day of ripening. In proximate analysis, the fat reduction in sausages produced an increase in moisture, protein and ash contents during ripening and drying (p<0.05). The weight losses were significantly higher in high fat formulations during the first 4 days, whereas those were higher in low fat ones after 10 days of storage (p<0.05). Fat reduction was responsible for an increase in shear force values after 3 days of storage. The volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) value of the low fat samples was significantly higher (p<0.05). Low fat sausages reduced the extent of lipid oxidation. The lower fat level produced redder sausages. Total plate bacteria and Pseudomonas counts of sausages showed no significant differences. Production of low fat sausages resulted in the physicochemical and microbiological attributes equal to or better than the high fat sausages without negative effects, except only a higher VBN and weight loss.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.475-481
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility for low fat press ham which was made without fat added. Four kinds of press ham were prepared ; Apork 70%, fat 0% ; low fat press ham), B(pork 60%, fat 10%), C(pork 55%, fat 15%) and D(pork 50%, fat 20%). The press ham samples were stored at 4$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$. The physic chemical properties of press hams were analyzed during storage 60 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The contents of moisture(71.3%) and crude protein (23.4%) of low press ham were higher than those of other products, and crude fat content (2.8%) was remarkably lower(p<0.5). The water holding capacity of press ham was higher than other products. Hunter's L(61.6) and b-value(5.9) of low fat press ham were lower than other products, but a-value(11.7) was higher. Hardness (70.2 dyne/cm), springiness(85%), chewiness(0.49kg), gumminess (2.0kg) and brittleness (0.7kg) of low fat press ham were higher than those of other products, but cohesiveness was lower than D product. Aroma and texture of low fat press ham were inferior to other, but taste and palatability of that were superor.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.613-617
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 현미 및 백미를 이용하여 시료의 저장기간에 따른 향기 패턴의 차이를 알아보고 지방산가와 비교하여 현미 및 쌀의 품질을 비교 분석해 보고자 하였다. 현미는 $30^{\circ}C$ 항온기에 넣고 30일간 저장하면서 5일 간격으로 각 시료를 채취하였고 백미는 저장기간의 차이를 두기 위해 생산 년도에 따라 시료를 수집하여 분석에 이용하였다. 현미와 백미 모두 저장기간이 길어질수록 지방산가가 크게 증가하여 품질에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 저장기간에 차이를 둔 현미 및 백미의 향기패턴 변화를 SMart Nose를 사용하여 분석한 결과 전반적으로 현미와 백미사이에 휘발성 향기성분의 감응도가 매우 유사하게 나타났다. 다양한 변수들의 판별력에 가장 차별성을 높게 표현하는 18종류(41~81 amu)의 질량을 선택하여 주성분 분석 결과 현미의 PCA1 및 PCA2 값 기여율은 각각 95.64%, 2.78%로 나타났고 백미의 PCA1 및 PCA2 값 기여율은 각각 81.18%, 13.85%로 나타났다. 백미보다는 현미의 저장기간에 따른 향기패턴의 차이가 분명하게 나타났으며 두 시료 모두 저장기간이 증가할수록 시료의 PCA1값이 음의 방향으로 가는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저장기간이 증가할수록 쌀의 지방산가는 크게 증가하고 향기패턴이 변화하며 품질에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 쌀의 품질을 판별하는데 있어서 SMart Nose에 의해 측정하여 얻어진 자료를 활용한다면 기존의 방식들보다 더 용이하게 쌀의 품질 관리에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.588-597
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• 2007

Low-fat ground pork patties, LFGPP (<10% total fat) formulated with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 percent sodium alginate (SA) were processed and compositional, processing and sensory characteristics were compared with control patties containing 20% fat. The moisture content of raw and cooked LFGPP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than control patties because of greater amount of added water in the formulation. The cooking yield, moisture and fat retention also increased linearly in different treatments of LFGPP. The dimensional parameters such as gain in height, decrease in diameter and shrinkage were significantly (p<0.05) lower in LFGPP in comparison to control. Amongst the sensory attributes, flavour showed a declining trend with the increase in concentration of SA in LFGPP. However, low-fat patties with 0.1% SA rated similar to high-fat control. The lipid profile revealed 49.78 and 43.22% decrease in total lipids and cholesterol content respectively, compared to control. The calorie content was reduced significantly (p<0.05) in LFGPP. The texture profile of LFGPP with 0.1% SA was similar to that of high-fat control. The LFGPP remained stable without any appreciable loss of physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality during refrigerated storage ($4{{\pm}}1^{\circ}C$) for 21 and 35 days in aerobic and vacuum packaging respectively.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.446-458
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative status and quality characteristics of four animal skin-derived fats extracted using an identical extraction method. Pressurized hot water extraction, a green extraction method, was used to extract animal skin fats (duck, chicken, swine, and bovine skin). Multiple experiments were performed during accelerated storage at $60^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. Quality characteristics, such as extraction yield, iodine value (IV), fatty acid composition, and fat viscosity were determined. In addition, indicators for oxidative status, including acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD), and total oxidation (totox) values were evaluated. The fat extraction yield was highest in bovine fat, followed by duck, swine, and chicken fats. The IV was higher in duck and chicken fats. Duck fats contained the most unsaturated fats and the least saturated fats. Fat oxidation indicators, such as PV, TBARS, and totox values, were relatively higher in duck fats during storage compared to the other fats. Other indicators, including AV, p-AV, and CD, were similar in duck, chicken, and swine fats. Viscosity was similar in all the tested fats but markedly increased after 70 days of storage in duck fats. Our data indicate that duck skin fat was more vulnerable to oxidative changes in accelerated storage conditions and this may be due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content. Supplementation with antioxidants might be a reasonable way to solve the oxidation issue in duck skin fats.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the color development and shelf-life effect of low-fat sausages (LFS) during refrigerated storage according to the additions of sodium lactate (SL), chitosan, and lac pigment. The LFS samples had $73{\sim}76%$ moisture, $3{\sim}4%$ fat, and $13{\sim}16%$ protein with a pH range of 6.4-6.6. The addition of chitosan ($MW\;=\;30{\sim}40\;kDa$) to LFS increased most textural properties. Hunter a (redness) values were increased by the addition of 0.05% lac pigment. The microbial growth of Listeria monocytogenes increased with increasing storage time. The addition of 2% SL and 0.3% chitosan with MW higher than $30{\sim}40\;kDa$ effectively inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes. The microbial growth of L. monocytogenes was further reduced with increasing chitosan MW. These results indicated that the combination of SL with chitosans (MW > 30 kDa, 0.3%) and lac pigment (0.05%) improved shelf-life and color development in LFS during refrigerated storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of hydrated potato starch on the quality of low-fat ttoekgalbi (Korean traditional patty) packaged in modified atmosphere conditions during storage. The ttoekgalbi was prepared from 53.2% lean beef, 13.9% lean pork, 9.3% pork fat, and 23.6% other ingredients. Two low-fat ttoekgalbi treatments were prepared by substituting pork fat with hydrated potato starch; either by 50% fat replacement (50% FR) or 100% fat replacement (100% FR). Both 50% and 100% FR increased the moisture, crude protein, and decreased fat content, cooking loss, and hardness. For MAP studies, 200 g of ttoekgalbi were placed on the tray and filled with gas composed of 70% $O_2$: 30% $CO_2$ (70% $O_2$-MAP) and 30% $CO_2$: 70% $N_2$ (70% $N_2$-MAP), and were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 12 d. During the storage time, both 50% and 100% FR showed higher protein deterioration, while no differences were found in CIE $a^*$, CIE $L^*$, lipid oxidation, and bacterial counts in comparison to control. The ttoekgalbi with 70% $O_2$-MAP was more red, lighter in color, and showed higher TBARS values compared with 70% $N_2$-MAP. The meat with 70% $N_2$-MAP showed lower aerobic bacterial counts in control than those with 70% $O_2$-MAP. The lower anaerobic bacterial counts were observed only in 50% FR and 100% FR packed with 70% $N_2$-MAP in comparison with 70% $O_2$-MAP. In conclusion, the fat replacement with hydrated potato starch showed no negative effects on the quality of low fat ttoekgalbi during storage and 70% $N_2$-MAP was better than 70% $O_2$-MAP for low-fat ttoekgalbi packaging.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.858-864
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• 2001

젖산나트륨과 복합지방대체제가 저지방 볼로나의 품질과 냉장 중 저장안정성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 조사하였다. 유화형 볼로나를 대조구로 하여 일반성분을 분석한 결과 수분 600%, 지방 22% 및 단백질 함량이 12.4%를 함유하는, 반면 저지방 볼로나는 수분 73~76%, 지방 ~2% 및 단백질함량이 14~15%로 기존의 유화형 볼로나에 비하여 고단백, 저지방 소시지이었다. 저장 중 유화형 및 저지방(<3%) 볼로나의 유리수분량과 진공감량이 증가함에 따라 조직의 경도가 감소하였고(p<0.05), 총균수는 증가하였으나, 냉장 8주에 모두 가식 부위에 있었다. 젖산나트륨과 지방대체제를 첨가한 저지방 볼로나가 기존의 유화형 볼로나에 비해 가열 감량이 낮았으며(p<0.05) 경도를 비롯한 조직감은 높았다. 저지방 볼로나는 젖산나트륨의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유리수분량과 경도가 증가하였고, TBA값은 오히려 낮은 결과를 보여주었다. 냉장저장 중 젖산나트륨의 첨가에 따른 총균수에 영향이 나타났으며, 3.3% 젖산나트륨을 첨가한 처리구는 처리하지 않은 처리구보다 미생물의 성장억제 작용이 현저했다. 결론적으로 복합 지방대체제를 첨가한 저지방 볼로나의 젖산나트륨의 첨가량에 딸라 품질에 영향을 미쳤으며, 총균수와 TBA값을 낮출 수 있었다. 차후의 연구로 저지방 소시지에서 오염될 수 있는 Listeria monocytogenes 등과 같은 특정균을 일정균수($10^3$CFU/g) 접종함으로써 젖산나트륨의 특정미생물억제 효과에 관한 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2007

국내 및 일본에서 육성된 벼 품종을 고온 저장시 저장기간에 따른 발아율, 이화학적 특성, lipoxygenase의 활성 및 이들 상호관계를 검토하였다. 1. 고온저장($35^{\circ}C$)시 발아율, 현미 단백질, 지방산도 및 lipoxygenase 활성은 저장기간 및 품종 간 차이가 크게 있었으며 두 요인의 상호작용도 인정되어 저장기간별 품종 간 차이가 다르게 나타났다. 2. 고온저장에 의한 현미 단백질, 지방산도 및 lipoxygenase 활성은 저장기간이 길수록 증가하였던 반면, 발아율 및 도요식미치는 감소하는 경향이었다. 3. 지방산도와 발아율 간에는 부의 상관이 지방산도와 lipoxygenase의 활성은 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 4. 17개 품종을 발아율, 지방산도 및 lipoxygenase 활성을 고려하여 군집분석을 수행한 결과 2개의 그룹으로 구분되었다. I군에 속하는 품종은 오대벼, 상미벼, 운광벼, 일품벼, 남평벼, 일미벼, 동안벼, 중산벼, 추청벼, 히또메보레, 고시히까리 등 11개 품종으로 비교적 발아율이 높고 지방산도 및 lipoxygenase 활성이 낮았다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

NOG1 is a nucleolar GTPase that is critical for 60S ribosome biogenesis. Recently, NOG1 was identified as one of the downstream regulators of target of rapamycin (TOR) in yeast. It is reported that TOR is involved in regulating lifespan and fat storage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that the nog1 ortholog (T07A9.9: nog-1) in C. elegans regulates growth, development, lifespan, and fat metabolism. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) promoter assay revealed ubiquitous expression of C. elegans nog-1 from the early embryonic to the adult stage. Furthermore, the GFP-tagged NOG-1 protein is localized to the nucleus, whereas the aberrant NOG-1 protein is concentrated in the nucleolus. Functional studies of NOG-1 in C. elegans further revealed that nog-1 knockdown resulted in smaller broodsize, slower growth, increased life span, and more fat storage. Moreover, nog-1 over-expression resulted in decreased life span. Taken together, our data suggest that nog-1 in C. elegans may be an important player in regulating life span and fat storage via the insulin/IGF pathway.