• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2004

The gross composition, gross amino acid content, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent ileal digestible amino acid content from 64 commercially produced meat and bone meals were statistically analysed. The samples were produced by 22 plants over a 2.5 year period with eight plants using batch dry rendering and 14 plants using low temperature rendering. A linear model with method and time of year (period) as fixed effects, plant within method as a random effect and sheep percent as a covariate was fitted to the composition data. The majority of the variation in the gross composition, amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid content was explained by differences between plants using the same method. Neither rendering season nor origin of the raw materials contributed significantly to the observed variation in meat and bone meal protein quality. Rendering method (low temperature or batch rendering) had a significant effect on the variation observed in gross fat content, gross energy content, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and total lanthionine content. The digestibility of a number of amino acids and the apparent digestible content of arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, proline and hydroxyproline were also significantly affected by rendering method. On average, batch dry and low temperature rendering systems produce meat and bone meals of similar nutritional quality. The variation between plant and within plant, however, is large, indicating that purchasing meat and bone meal from the same plant does not guarantee a consistent quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.688-692
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• 2004

Fifty four crossbred gilts of 26.38${\pm}$0.85 kg body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into three groups, having six replicates of three animals each and were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments containing corn, wheat bran and rice bran (RB) at 35, 47 and 0% in $R_1$; 17.5, 23.5 and 41% in $R_2$ and 0, 0 and 82% in $R_3$. Soybean meal and fishmeal were used as source of protein at 10 and 6%, respectively, in all the rations. Average daily CP, DCP, DE and ME intake per kg $W^{0.75}$ and body weight gains were lowest (p<0.01) in gilts fed 82% RB ($R_3$), followed by $R_2$ and R1. Utilization of protein with respect to nitrogen balance and DCP conversion efficiency did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. All the gilts were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the excretion of dietary nitrogen and energy through faeces was higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. However, the DE and ME conversion efficiency were higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. Therefore, it can be concluded that the digestibility of energy and protein in diets containing rice bran goes on decreasing with the increasing level of fat and fibre, but the metabolizability of the energy and protein was better in pigs fed RB in the diet.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.12.1-12.8
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• 2020

Background: An 8-week feeding trial was designed to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworm (MW; Tenebrio molitor) as a locally available nutrient-rich feedstuff for rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Methods: Triplicate groups of fish (mean ± SE; 1.11 ± 0.01 g) were assigned to each of the five isonitrogenous and isocaloric practical diets containing graded level of a full fat MW (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28%) at the expense of fish meal (designated as MW0, MW7, MW14, MW21, and MW28, respectively). Results: Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate significantly increased with increasing dietary MW level up to 14% and then declined when dietary MW levels further increased to 28%. Significantly higher protein efficiency ratio and lower feed conversion ratio were found in fish fed with diets containing MW compared to fish fed the control MW0. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly higher in fish fed MW7 diet compared to fish fed the MW0 diet. Fish fed the MW14 and MW28 diets had significantly higher lysozyme activities than those fed the MW0 diet. Conclusions: Overall, the efficacy of MW as promising alternative to fish meal in practical diets for rainbow trout fry has been proved not only in relation to growth rates and feed utilization, but also from the viewpoint of immunopotentiation effects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.90-100
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• 2001

Objectives : Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen (BCL) has been used for stamina fortification in Oriental Medicine for thousand years. The goal of the present study was to investigate the muscle antifatigue effect of BCL. Methods : The mice were divided into three groups. The control group was allowed to swim for 10 minutes without BCL infusion. For the preventive effect of BCL, another group referred to BCL-1 was fed with BCL an hour before the swimming exercise. BCL-2 group for the reversion effect was forced to swim for 10 minutes at first, then fed with BCL followed by half an hour rest and another 10 minute swimming exercise. All the serum samples collected by heart puncture were used for the measuring biochemical factors such as LDH, CPK, glucose, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Results : In the BCL-2 group, lactate and LDH were significantly reduced compared to the control. BCL infusion during the exercise was effective in metabolizing LDH, reducing the conversion ratio of pyruvate into lactate. In the BCL-1 group, it was not effective in antifatigue function. The level of glucose was significantly reduced in BCL-1 group compared to the control. When the BCL was infused before the exercise, it is assumed that glycogenolysis seen during the exercise was prevented. When the BCL was infused during the exercise, the triglycerides and total cholesterol were increased significantly compared to the control. BCL seems to cause the increase of lipolysis to utilize the fat as an energy source. Unlike other parameters, CPK did not show any changes from BCL infusion. Conclusions : Based on the above results, BCL is found to be involved in energy metabolism. Further studies are needed to find out the underlying mechanism of BCL for its effect on stamina fortification.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2015

In this study, the thermal treatment yam (Dioscorea batatas DECNE.) was analyzed for its proximate and nutritional compositions including mineral, vitamin, amino acids and fatty acids. Thermal treatment yam is mainly consisted of carbohydrate (70.3%) with small amounts of crude protein (15.8%), crude ash (5.1%) and crude fat (1.6%). It was found to be a good source of essential minerals such as K (1100.2 mg/100 g), Mg (99.4 mg/100 g), Ca (54.8 mg/100 g) and Na (44.9 mg/100 g) but Zn (4.8 mg/100 g) and Fe (0.2 mg/100g) content was low. Little amounts of vitamin E (8.3 mg/100g), vitamin C (3.5 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (2.1 mg/100g) could be found. The amino acid analysis revealed that the yam was superior with respect to serine (1454.2 mg%), lysine (684.6 mg%) and histidine (684.6 mg%). Essential amino acids were calculated to be 2849.3 mg%. The amino acid profiles showed that thermal treatment yam is limiting in isoleucine and phenylaline. Linoleic acid was the most predominant fatty acids with the value of 47.3% followed by palmitic acid (24.7%) and oleic acid (12.7%). And the unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid and linoleic acid were present in big quantities in thermal treatment yam.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1712-1718
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of monensin administration on mammary functions in crossbred Holstein cattle. Fourteen non-pregnant late lactating crossbred Holstein cattle, approximately 270 days postpartum, were selected for the experiment. They were divided into two groups of 7 animals each. Seven animals in the treated group were given sodium monensin orally in a slow-release capsule. Animals in both control and treated groups were fed the similar diet to maintain milk production and body score at 2.5. Rice straw was fed as a source of dietary fiber throughout the experimental period. After monensin administration, a significant increase in the molar percent of ruminal propionate (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in the molar percent of ruminal acetate (p<0.05) were apparent in comparison to the pretreated period. The ratio of acetate to propionate concentration decreased significantly after monensin administration (p<0.05), while it was maintained at the similar level throughout the period of experiment in the control group. Monensin did not affect the molar percent of ruminal butyrate and valerate. The concentration of milk allantoin between the control group and monensin treated group was not different. An excretion rate of allantoin in milk decreased in animals treated with monensin (p<0.05). Mammary blood flow did not show significant difference between control and monensin treated groups. The plasma glucose concentration, arteriovenous concentration difference and mammary gland uptake of glucose remained constant in both groups. Milk yield of the later stage of lactation in the control group declined during lactation advance while a tendency to increase in the milk yield was apparent after 21 days monensin administration. Milk compositions for concentration of lactose, fat and protein in both control group and monensin treated group did not change throughout the experimental periods. From these results, it can be concluded that the action of monensin could affect the ruminal fermentation pattern. Monensin could not increase milk yield in the late lactating period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1296-1303
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• 2000

A series of four experiments was conducted to compare nutritional values of decorticated sunflower meals against soybean meal, in diets for pigs from weaning (Exp. 1 and 2) to finishing (Exp. 3 and 4). All experimental diets were prepared compensating for the energy content by using vegetable oil and the lysine content was matched using synthetic L-Lysine HCl. Twenty-one day old pigs were fed either corn-soybean meal based diet (CSBM) or corn- twice-decorticated sunflower meal based diet (CDSM) for four weeks (Exp. 1). There was no difference in performances between treatment groups. In Exp. 2, corn-non-decorticated sunflower meal based diet (CNSM) was added to the existing two treatments. Twenty-one day old pigs were fed three experimental diets for four weeks. Pigs fed CNSM had a lower weight gain and feed intake than other treatments (p<0.05). There was no difference between pigs fed CSBM and CDSM (Exp. 2). Growth performance of growing pigs was also greater (p<0.05) in pigs fed corn starch-twice- decorticated sunflower meal based diet (CSDSM) than pigs fed corn starch-non-decorticated sunflower meal based diet (CSNSM) during the eight week feeding trial (Exp. 3). There was no difference between pig fed corn starch-soybean meal based diet (CSSBM) and CSDSM (Exp. 3). In Exp. 4, growing pigs were fed three experimental diets (CSBM, CDSM, and barley-twice- decorticated sunflower meal based diet; BDSM) until the slaughter. There was no difference in growth performance of pigs during growing and finishing periods among treatments. However, pigs fed CSBM had a higher carcass dressing percentage (p<0.05) than pigs fed CDSM and BDSM. Pigs fed BDSM diet had a lower fat tissue percentage than other groups (p<0.05). The twice-decorticated sunflower meal can be used as a substitute for soybean meal in pig diets. The performances of piglets and growing-finishing pigs were not affected when soybean meal was replaced by twice-decorticated sunflower meal. This substitution needs the contribution of synthetic lysine and vegetable oil as sources of complementary nutrients to match the nutrient profile.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1795-1806
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• 2018

Objective: The study was designed to establish choline deficiency model (CDM) in broilers for evaluating efficacy of polyherbal formulation (PHF) in comparison with synthetic choline chloride (SCC). Methods: A total of 2,550 one-day-old Cobb 430 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to different groups in three experiments. In experiment 1, G1 and G2 served as normal controls and were fed a basal diet with 100% soybean meal (SBM) as a major protein source supplemented with and without SCC, respectively. In G3, G4, G5, and G6 groups, SBM was replaced at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by soy protein isolate (SPI) to induce a graded level of choline deficiency. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) in comparison with SCC (1,000 g/ton) were evaluated. In experiment 3, dose-response of PHF (200, 400, and 500 g/ton) with SCC (400 g/ton) was determined. Results: Replacement of SBM by SPI produced a linear decrease in body weight gain (BWG) with a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR). 25% SBM replacement by SPI yielded an optimum negative impact on BWG and FCR; hence, it is considered for further studies. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) and SCC (1,000 g/ton) showed a similar performance in BWG, FCR and relative liver weight. In experiment 3, PHF produced an optimum efficacy at 400 g/ton and was comparable to SCC in the restoration of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, abdominal fat, breast muscle lipid content and liver histopathological abnormalities. Conclusion: Replacement of SBM by SPI caused choline deficiency characterised by worsening of BWG, FCR, elevation in liver enzymes and histopathological changes indicating fatty liver. CDM was found valid for evaluating SCC and PHF. It is concluded that PHF has the potential to mimic biological activities of SCC through the restoration of negative effects caused by CDM.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2014

The effect of sodium and sodium salts on carcass and body organ characteristics of broilers under a four phase feeding program were investigated. A basal diet (0.08% dNa with NaCl) was formulated and one of two sources of dNa ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented to obtain four different percentages of dNa (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) for each treatment. There was a linear decrease in dressing percentage (DP) with source ${\times}$ level interaction ($p{\leq}0.001$), while there was a linear increase in breast yield and thigh yield with increasing dNa supplementation ($p{\leq}0.001$). Chicks fed 0.35% $NaHCO_3$ and 0.44% dNa $Na_2SO_4$ supplemental salts had lower abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.04$). Chicks that received increasing levels of dNa (from 0.17 to 0.44%) showed increasing gizzard weight ($p{\leq}0.02$) and decreasing spleen weight ($p{\leq}0.02$). When both salts were supplemented at 0.26% dNa, the chicks showed their lowest bursa weight ($p{\leq}0.001$). Consequently, chicks at higher dNa showed an increase in breast and thigh meat yield, and increasing capacity of their digestive organ. The higher levels of dNa should be tested with other cations and anions to fully understand acid base homoeostasis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2011

Acanthopanax senticosus, a member of the Araliaceae used as an invigorant in traditional Korean medicine, is known to relieve physical fatigue. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eggs laid by hens fed on Acanthopanax senticosus extracts on physical endurance and reproductive parameters. Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 4 wk of age were divided into 3 groups of 15 rats each: group A (14% egg yolk powder from hens fed with Acanthopanax senticosus extracts+86% AIN-93G), group B (14% plain egg yolk powder + 86% AIN-93G) and group C (7% fat source + 93% AIN-93G), and studied for 5 wk. The rats' physical endurance was measured via forced swimming tests. According to the results, 53.3% rats of group A swam for longer than 20 min, in group B and C, only 48.9% and 46.7% of the rats achieved this. In terms of reproductive parameters, sperm motility was significantly higher in group A than in groups B and C (p<0.05). However, no differences in sperm count were detected among the groups. Additionally, the serum testosterone levels of groups A and B were higher than that of group C. Our findings suggest that rats fed with egg yolk powder from hens fed on Acanthopanax senticosus extracts may improve athletic endurance and reproductive parameters in rats.