• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.34-38
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure of normal-weight and overweight Korean middle-aged women (40-60 yr). Middle-aged oveweight ($BMI\;{\geq}\;25$, n= 20) and normal-weight women were ($BMI\;{\leq}\;23$, n = 20) were recruited in Seoul. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, energy intake, daily activity time, and energy costs of some daily activities were measured. Energy expenditure at rest and while reading the newspaper, washing dishes, mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 1.0, 2.0, 3.5mph were measured by indirect calorimeter and total daily energy expenditure was estimated by summation of energy costs of different activities. The overweight group had significantly higher values of body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, thigh circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, WTR, WHR, body surface area, percentage body fat, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM), and muscle mass compared to normal-weight group. The energy intakes of both groups were close to RDA and other nutrient intake status was also satisfactory. There were no significant differences in intakes of energy and nutrients between the two groups. Overweight subjects showed lower energy expenditure per kg body weight for reading the newspaper, washing dishes and mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 2.0 and 3.5 mph, however, energy expenditure per kg FFM did not differ between the two groups. Daily energy expenditure for all activities was significantly higher in the overweight compared to the normal-weight group due to higher body weight. Both overweight and normal-weight groups showed negative energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and there was no significant difference in energy balance between the two roups. Total daily energy expenditure correlated highly with FFM and body surface area. The result of present study does not offer an explanation on the energy imbalance and weight gain of overweight women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.431-443
• /
• 2018

Objectives: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. Methods: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. Results: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p<0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p<0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (p<0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p<0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2021

[Purpose] This pilot study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] The EPOC and dependent variables for its estimation (e.g., sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, fat-free mass [FFM], fat mass, % body fat, and heart rate_sum [HR_sum]) were measured in 75 healthy adults (31 males, 44 females). Statistical analysis was performed to develop an EPOC estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that FFM and HR_sum were important variables in the EPOC regression models of various exercise types. The explanatory power and standard errors of estimates (SEE) for EPOC of each exercise type were as follows: the continuous exercise (CEx) regression model was 86.3% (R²) and 85.9% (adjusted R²), and the mean SEE was 11.73 kcal, interval exercise (IEx) regression model was 83.1% (R²) and 82.6% (adjusted R²), while the mean SEE was 13.68 kcal, and the accumulation of short-duration exercise (AEx) regression models was 91.3% (R²) and 91.0% (adjusted R²), while the mean SEE was 27.71 kcal. There was no significant difference between the measured EPOC using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted EPOC for each exercise type. [Conclusion] This pilot study developed a regression model to estimate EPOC in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: CEx = -37.128 + 1.003 × (FFM) + 0.016 × (HR_sum), IEx = -49.265 + 1.442 × (FFM) + 0.013 × (HR_sum), and AEx = -100.942 + 2.209 × (FFM) + 0.020 × (HR_sum).

• Clinical Nutrition Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 2023

The present systematic review and meta-analysis were accomplished to understand the effects of tart cherry juice consumption on body composition and anthropometric measures. Five databases were searched using relevant keywords from inception to January 2022. All clinical trials investigating the effect of tart cherry juice consumption on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage body fat (PBF) were included. Out of 441 citations, 6 trials that enrolled 126 subjects were included. Tart cherry juice consumption significantly did not reduce BW (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.4 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.25 to 2.46; p = 0.789; GRADE = low), BMI (WMD, -0.07 kg/m²; 95% CI, -0.89 to 0.74; p = 0.857; GRADE = low), FM (WMD, 0.21 kg; 95% CI, -1.83 to 2.25; p = 0.837; GRADE = low), FFM (WMD, -0.12 kg; 95% CI, -2.47 to 2.27; p = 0.919; GRADE = low), WC (WMD, 1.69 cm; 95% CI, -1.88 to 5.27; p = 0.353; GRADE = low), and PBF (WMD, 0.18%; 95% CI, -1.81 to -2.17; p = 0.858; GRADE = low). Overall, these data suggest that tart cherry juice consumption has no significant effect on BW, BMI, FM, FFM, WC, and PBF.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.694-704
• /
• 1997

This study was designed to assess the body fat distribution, and also to investigate the effects of body fat on glucose tolerance and on insulin secretion pattern by body mass index in offspring of parents with NIDDM. The subjects consisted of twenty parents with NIDDM who had been admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine or had been seen in the outpatient clinic at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University between February to March, 1995. Twenty offspring were randomly selected from forty six offspring of twenty parents with NIDDM. As a control group, twenty healthy people without a family history of diabetes mellitus were matched by sex, age and body mass index(BMI). The results are as follows : 1. Mean fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and insulin / glucose ratio were significantly greater in offspring than in the control subjects with BMI 25kg /㎡ in the offspring and in the BMI<25kg /㎡ control subjects (P<0.05). 2. The total glucose area and insulin area were significantly greater in both the offsping and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ than in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI<25 kg /㎡(P<0.05). 3. Upper body skinfold thickness, Waist hip ratio(WHR), serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride(TG), total dietary calorie intake and protein intake in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ were greater than those with BMI<25kg /㎡(P<0.05). On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ was lower than those with BMI< 25kg /㎡(P<0.05). 4. The major variables influencing the total glucose area were subscapular skinfold thickness and WHR and the major variables influencing the total insulin area were suprailiac skinfold thickness, WHR, TG and free fatty acid. In the light of the results, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were affected by body mass index, Upper body fat, WHR and lipids(TG, Free fatty acid), it is implied that these are influencing factors on total glucose area and total insulin area. The identification of these factors might provide a useful tool to identify individuals at high risk of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, various nursing intervention programs to reduce obesity could be given to both the offspring of parents with NIDDM and to the obese healthy controls before diabetes mellitus develops.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.601-609
• /
• 2023

Background The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is a preferred option in the reconstruction of a wide variety of defects, enabling multiple tissue components and thicknesses. Methods This study was conducted to investigate the correlation of the thickness of the traditional subfascial ALT flap and superficial fat flap with age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). A total of 42 patients (28 males and 14 females) were included in the study. Results Mean age was 50.2 (range, 16-75) years and mean BMI was 24.68 ± 4.02 (range, 16.5-34.7) kg/m². The subfascial flap thickness was significantly thinner in male patients (16.07 ± 2.77 mm) than in female patients (24.07 ± 3.93 mm; p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between male (4.28 ± 1.15 mm) and female patients (4.85 ± 1.09 mm) regarding superficial fat flap thickness (p = 0.13). The thickness of both flaps had a positive correlation with BMI, and the strongest correlation was found for subfascial ALT thickness in female patients (r = 0.81). Age had no effect on both flap thickness measurements. The anterior thigh is thicker in women than in men, although it varies according to BMI. This shows that flap elevation is important in the superthin plane, especially if a thin flap is desired in female patients in defect reconstruction with the ALT flap. Thus, a single-stage reconstruction is achieved without the need for a defatting procedure after subfascial dissection or a second defatting procedure 3 to 6 months later. Conclusion The appropriate ALT flap plane should be selected considering the gender and BMI of the patient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.28-35
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Vitamin D status is associated with several chronic diseases related to obesity. In this study, we evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin D and its relation to obesity indices in Korean women. Methods: A total of 156 healthy women participated. Vitamin D status (serum $25-OH-vitamin\;D_3$ level) and obesity indices (body mass index, body fat mass, waisthip ratio, and body fat percentage etc.) and serum lipid profiles and serum adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) levels were analyzed. Results: The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed an extremely skewed distribution from 4.1 ng/ml to 24.4 ng/ml and mean $25(OH)D_3$ level was $9.0{\pm}4.0ng/ml$. With cut-off level for vitamin D deficiency (< 12.0 ng/ml), insufficiency (12-19.9 ng/ml) and sufficiency (${\geq}20ng/ml$), 77.6%, 19.2%, and 3.2% of subjects showed vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency status, respectively. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed positive correlation with weight (r = 0.2461, p < 0.01), body mass index (r = 0.2913, p < 0.001), body fat contents (r = 0.1691, p < 0.05), fat free mass (r = 0.2330, p < 0.01), and waist hip ratio (r = 0.1749, p < 0.05) after adjusted by age. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed no significant correlation with serum lipid profiles and adipokine levels. Conclusion: Most subjects (76.6%) in this study, who had a vitamin D deficient status and serum $25(OH)D_3$ level, showed positive correlation with several obesity indices, however further research based on a large Korean population is needed to confirm the relationship.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 1991

The use of the autogenous free fat is a well-known procedure to fill in superficial depressions resulting from the traumatic or congenital defects. The major donor site for this procedure was the abdominal subcutaneous fat or buttocks. In 1977, Egyedi was the first to report the use of the buccal fat pad as a pedicled graft. The buccal fat pad is a structure usually considered to be a nuisance when encountered in intraoral procedures such as facial bone osteotomies, elevation of buccal falp, or procedures on Stensen's duct. In these operations, appearance of the buccal fat pad complicates surgical exposure. The buccal fat pad is a lobulated convex mass of fatty tissue covered by a very delicate membrane, and is described as having a body from which four processes extend. These projection serve as a filling material between the various muscular structures in the area. Recently malar depression was augmented with the pedicled buccal fat pad in 3 cases, and it was used for the reconstruction of the nasolabial fold in one case.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.899-907
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to examine how Korean women mange energy metabolism during lactation. Eighteen women recruited were healthy, had normal pregnancies and were required to breast-feed their babies exclusively for at least 12wks. During the study period, all subjects were visited and interviewed five times : 3d, 9d, 4wk, 8wk, and 12wk lactation. Body composition variables were analyzed by a bioelectrical impedance method, energy intakes were assessed by using the inventory-weighing method, energy expenditure were determined by recording daily activities, and milk energy output was investigated from the amount of milk production and the gross energy content of milk. The subjects consumed less energy than current recommended allowance all over the study period, but compatible with fairly adequate lactational performance. They responded the additional energy stress of lactation by enhancing metabolic efficiency, increasing energy intakes, reduction physical activities and mobilizing body reserves. Another finding in this study was that the reduction in body fat-free mass may be the one way that women meet the energy demands of lactation like the reduction in body fat mass. The results from this study suggest that current recommended additional energy need during lactation, 2.09MJ/d(500kcal/d), is too high for healthy Korean women. Our data also indicate that the changes of body composition and energy balance at earlier postpartum are extremely different from those at later periods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to compare bone density risk factors affecting women's BMD, and to examine the relationship age, lifestyle and dietary habits for bone health by physical measurement and questionnaires. The subjects of this study were 194 women living in the Seoul area. When the subjects were divided into normal and risk groups, BMD, height, weight, BMI, total body water, soft lean mass, fat free mass, protein, mineral, body-fat of normal group were much higher than those of the risk group. The breakfast eating rate of the normal group was much higher than that of the risk group, walking time was significantly longer and exercise was more (p < 0.05). The normal group had more frequent intakes of tunas, squid, radishes, the green parts of radish, cucumbers, carrots and Iucchinis, tomatoes, and grapes than the risk group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). In conclusion, breakfast eating, exercise, intakes of some foods such as anchovies, radishes, carrots, zucchinis and tomatoes were significantly important factor to prevent bone density risk.