• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.349-357
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body mass index(BMI) on insulin. fasting blood sugar(FBS), and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c). This study analyzed the data of 2015, The Sixth KNHANES, and it was included to 4554 subject over 20 years old. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis(SPSS 25.0). The major findings, BMI was positively correlated with insulin(r=0.397, p<0.001), FBS(r=0.241, p<0.001), and HbA1c(r=0.237, p<0.001). Factors affecting insulin are overweight(${\beta}=.130$, t=8.193, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.390$, t=24.390, p<0.001) and age. the explanatory power is 13.1% (F=53.584, p<0.001). Factors affecting FBS were overweight(${\beta}=.072$, t=4.478, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.186$, t= 11.485, p<0.001), age, the explanatory power was 10.6% (F=42.351, p<0.001). Factors affecting HbA1c were overweight(${\beta}=.059$, t=3.712, p<0.001), obesity(${\beta}=.190$, t=11.895, p<0.001) age and sex, the explanatory power is 14.1% (F=58.134, p<0.001). Based on this study result, diabetes mellitus prevention and management programs should include interventions related to obesity.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2019

This study is to identify how the social support influences the impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes as structural equation analysis reflects the health behavior and psychological path. It investigates participants who give consents to participate in the Korean Health Examine Cohort (KOEX), which collects surveys and biological samples at eight university hospitals nationwide. Of the 53,767 adults over 30 years of age enrolled in the 2nd to 7th KOEX study from 2004 to 2010 (1st to 7th), 18,618 participants with a history of chronic diseases related to type 2 diabetes, the main variable, were excluded. The number of participants were 34,316 with enough data on social support and diabetes, which are the main variables. The results show that social support affects health behaviors and lowers fasting blood sugar. Therefore, not only the management of risk factors of individuals, but also the practice of healthy behavior with the attention of social relations such as social support, etc., can prevent type 2 diabetes.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1983

It is already well known that many factors are involved in maintaining normal blood glucose level. The amount and components of meal are also thought to be some of the factors which affect the blood glucose and insulin levels. It is reported that as for Koreans sugar takes up over 75% out of 2,098 kcal, the average daily calorie intake per adult. It implies that Koreans take a high-sugar diet compared with Westerners who take $40\sim50%$ of sugar out of their total average daily calorie. For the purpose of studying diurnal variations in serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide of normal Korean adults based on ordinary Korean diet, we selceted 13 normal Korean male adults and divided them into two groups, Group I (7 persons) and Group II (6 persons). We put Group I on 3,100kcal and 75% sugar diet, and Group II on 2,100 kcal and 69% sugar diet per day for over 4 days. Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were checked every 30 minutes or every hour throughout 24 hours. Results are as follows: 1. As for serum glucose level, in the prep ran dial fasting state in the morning, $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $91.1{\pm}8.2mg%$, while that of Group II is $82.5{\pm}4.4mg%$. Both groups showed peaks of increased glucose level at postprandial 1 hour after each meal. The peak returned to the level shown during the fasting state at postprandial 1 hour after breakfast while the relatively high glucose levels were maintained respectively even for 2 or 3 hours.after lunch and dinner. 2. As for serum insulin level, Group showed $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of $14.7{\pm}3.0{\mu}U/ml$ while Group II shows that of $7.0{\pm}2.6{\mu}U/ml$ in the fasting state. Group I particularly showed the largest peak from preprandial a half or one and half an hour to postprandial one hour of lunch, and made relatively small peaks $(47.7{\pm}10.8{\mu}U/ml)$ at postorandial 1 hour after breakfast and dinner. No such large peak was marked in Group II, though it showed relatively similar patterns of peak after each meal. 3. As for C-peptide, in the fasting state, Group I and Group II showed $3.50{\pm}1.85$ and $1.66{\pm}0.53ng/ml$ of $mean{\pm}S.D.$, respectively. Group II showed peaks parallel to those for insulin level. None out of seven in Group I showed expected increase in C-peptide based insulin secretion at a half or one and half an hour before lunch. On the contrary, C-peptide increased in 5 subjects out of seven in Group I at 11:00 p.m. when insulin did not increase. 4. According to the integrated concentration method for a measurement of 24-hour total. insulin secretion rate, the $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $76.4{\pm}15.2$ U and that of Group II was $58.6{\pm}21.1$ U. The above results confirm that Koreans, when given ordinary diet of 2,100 kcal and 69%, sugar, show insulin secretion pattern essentially similar to that of Westerners. On the contrary, when they are put on a high-calorie diet of 3,100 kcal a day, 75% of which is sugar, insulin secretion can be increased before lunch without increase in blood glucose. These results implies that insulin secretion can be affected by some other factors. The observation that an increase in C-peptide after 11 : 00 p.m. independent of insulin level supports an assertion that insulin secretion and C-peptide secretion can be thought as being physiologically dissociable, and these changes of diurnal patterns in the levels of serum insulin and C-peptide are thought to be resulted from the large meal and high-carbohydrate diet.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.3 s.47
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• pp.425-436
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• 1994

This is to study the incidence of Diabetes and its risk factors in the impaired glucose tolerence group. 1084 subjects who had been examined 3 times for regular check-up in one human dock center under the university hospital were studied between $1986{\sim}1993$. The results are as follows; Prevalence rate of diabetes was 3.56%, and that of impaired glucose tolerence was 30.90% as of initial examination. The rate of diabetes was increasing with the age where 1.2% at age group $30{\sim}39$, 3.21% at age group $40{\sim}49$, 5.84% at age group $50{\sim}59$, 14.28% at age group 60 and over. And also the rate of impaired glucose tolerance was increasing with the age where 21.29% at age group $30{\sim}39$, 31.42% at age group $40{\sim}49$, 38.91% at age group $50{\sim}59$, 33.33% at age group 60 and over Of the examinees who were initially examined, total incidence rate of diabetes who developed to obvious diabetes at the 3rd follow-up examination from the initially impaired glucose tolerence group was 4.63% and it was 11.3 times higher than from the normal group (0.41%). After controlling for the effects of both age and obesity, the risk of subsequent diabetes for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance remained significantly higher than for normal subjects (Relative Risk, 10.48). Test for trends for developing to diabetes by the increasing level of fasting blood sugar and 1hr blood sugar at the initial examination were statistically significant in either normal and impaired glucose tolerence group. To determine the risk factor for developing to diabetes, logistic regression test was applied. Only fasting blood sugar and 1hr blood sugar were predictors for developing diabetes from the impaired glucose tolerence group at initial examination.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of propolis, streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups such as, diabetic control group, low dose of propolis (0.1 ml) group, medium dose of propolis (0.3 ml) group and high dose of propolis (0.9 ml) group and feeded with propolis extracts for 30 days. After experiment, oral glucose tolerance test (Oral GTT) was carried, and 16 hours fasting blood sugar levels, body weights, blood lipid levels were measured. Finally, pancreatic histopathological study was performed. In conclusion, the propolis is effective to the treatment diabetes due to the reduction of the blood sugar level and the regeneration of the damaged $\beta$-cells shown in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the effect of Tai Chi Qigong exercise program on insulin resistance and blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants included 39 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (ages between 40-70)(experimental group, 19, control group, 20). The Tai Chi Qigong exercise program consisted of 5 minute warming up, 30-minute main exercise, and 5 minute cooling down, and was conducted twice a week for 10 weeks. The outcome variables were insulin resistance (proinsulin, C-peptide, insulin, insulin sensitivity index) and blood glucose (fasting, post prandial 2hr, HbA1c). Data was analyzed using ANCOVA, with pre-test values as covariates, to examine difference between pre and post measures between the two groups. Results: The Tai Chi Qigong was effective in lowering postprandial 2hr blood glucose. Conclusion: Twice a week 10 week-Tai Chi Qigong exercise seems to be too short to improve insulin excretion or resistance, and fasting blood sugar and HbA1C in patients with type 2 DM. A Tai Chi Qigong program at least 3 times per week or longer is recommended.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the nutritional status of elderly individuals according to their household types and to investigate the predictors of their nutritional status. Methods: This study, which was a descriptive research study, involved physical measurements, surveys, and biochemical tests in 87 elderly individuals living in the community. Using SPSS/Win 24.0, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the general characteristics, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), mini nutritional assessment (MNA) score, and biochemical indicators in elderly individuals according to the household type. Results: Elderly individuals living with family members had higher MNA scores than those of elderly individuals living alone, while showing lower levels of systolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors were MNA scores (odds ratio (OR)=1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.36-2.42), systolic blood pressure (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.92-1.00), and fasting blood glucose (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90-0.99). Conclusion: It was confirmed that elderly individuals living alone need differentiated nutrition intervention, since the results showed that they had lower nutritional levels and improper nutritional management than that in elderly individuals living with family members.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine factors associated with obesity among Korean adolescents. Methods: The participants were 436 Korean adolescents aged 12~18 years who took part in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the $x^2$ test, one-way analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression using complex sample analysis. Results: Among the participants, 9.7% were classified as being obese, and 11.9% as being overweight. Several health parameters, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, and alanine aminotransferase levels, varied according to obesity. Distorted perceptions of body shape showed a significant negative association with overweight, and carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with obesity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that obesity in Korean adolescents was associated with lifestyle and health parameters. Therefore, intervention programs for obese or overweight adolescents should focus on preventing them from developing health problems.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.751-763
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• 2018

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate how magnolia bark extract affects ob/ob mouse in terms of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Methods: Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were divided into 2 groups (n=5): a normal saline treatment (=control) and magnolia bark treatment. Wild type mice were the lean group (n=5). After 5 weeks, we measured fasting blood sugar (FBS) and conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in each group. After 6 weeks, we measured body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, liver weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interferon-${\gamma}$, and interleukin-6. We characterized the phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and analyzed fractions of the phenotype in each group by flow cytometry. Results: In the magnolia bark group, fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly decreased. The population and proportion of ATMs among leukocytes in adipose tissue were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. The population and proportion of M1 type ATMs among ATMs were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Conclusions: These results support a positive effect of magnolia bark on metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 1988

Insulinoma is a rare tumor, occurring more often in women and in the older age range. Eighty percent of patients have a single benign tumor, usually 2cm in diameter, located with about equal frequency in body, head or tail of pancreas and amenable to surgical cure. About 10% have multiple tumors. The remaining 10% of patients have metastatic malignant insulinoma. The symptom of insulinoma is characterized by the periodic attack of hypoglycemia of blood sugar level below 50mg%, by fasting or exertion, and rapid relief of symptom by oral or intravenous administration of glucose. Symptom often lead to misdiagnosis as a neurologic or psychiatric disorder. A case described by authors was 44-year old female with the chief complaints of the loss of consciousness, epileptic seizure although she has been treated by anticonvulsants. Serum blood sugar and insulin level during fasting sugested insulinoma but abdominal computed tomography shows no definitive mass in pancreas. Celiac angiography revealed insulinoma. She transfered to the defartment of General Surgery and was performed enucleation. Microscopic findings shows the islet cell tumor of pancreas. A brief review of the literature was made.