• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.29 no.7
• /
• pp.700-712
• /
• 1996

Transpulmonary sequestration of leukocyte following cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) has been recognized as one of main causes of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a single dose of prebypass corticosteroid on pulmonary leukostasis and postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. The study was performed prospectively in randomized-blind fas ion for 50 patients from January 1995 to June 1995. All patients were divided into two groups; In the steroid group(n=25), corticosteroid(Solu-Medrol 30mg1kg) was injected prior to CPB and in the placebo group (n=25), normal saline was injected before CPB. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Total peripheral leukocyte counts decreased significantly at 5 minutes of CPB in all patients(P<0.01), and began to increase progressively at later periods of CPB with neutrophilia. The significant rise remained at postoperative 7th day. 2. During partial CPB, transpulmonary leukostasis occurred in placebo group(P< 0.001), whereas it was prevented in steroid group. 3. In both groups, peripheral Lymphocyte counts were stable during CPB, but began to reduce at time of intensive care unit(ICV) and the Iymphocytopenia remained until postoperative )rd day. The Iympho- cyte counts recovered on postoperative 7th day. 4. In both groups, peripheral counts of monocyte were relatively stable in the e rly peroid of CPB, and increased gradually in the later periods of CPB. This significant monocytosis remained throughout postoperative periods(P< 0.05). 5. The mean value of postoperative PaOa was lower than that of pre-CPB In placebo group(P=0.01), but in steroid group, there was no significant difference(P=0. 90) and fever was higher in placebo group compared to steroid group(P=0.001).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.213-224
• /
• 2007

In this study, hatched male broiler chicks(Ross) were fed on a basal diet and LPS was administered via intraperitoneal injection three times every other day, on the 9th, 11th and 13th days of the experiment, and then PBMC and splenocytes were isolated on day 14. The degree of alama blue reduction was evaluated at 4, 24, 48, 96 and 120 h in the splenocytes, and at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h for PBMC of incubation after the addition of alama blue solution to the media. The cell numbers used in this experiment were 103, 104 and 105 cells per well, and the con A levels were 0.0, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 ㎍ per ml of medium. 1. The degree of alama blue reduction was found to increase in a linear fashion with increasing incubation time and cell numbers, for both splenocytes and PBMC. 2. During acute phase response, the degree to which alama blue was reduced was significantly elevated (p<0.05) at an incubation time of 24 hr for the splenocytes, 4 hr for PBMC, and a cell number of 105 cells per well, respectively. 3. The raised reduction of alama blue to control was linear with Con A levels in medium, and higher reduction in Con A 10.0 ㎍ relative to 1.0 or 5.0 ㎍ in ml medium was shown 4. The medium with autologous serum evidenced a significantly (p<0.05) higher reduction of alama blue relative to FBS. 5. Splenocytes and PBMC from the LPS-injected birds evidenced significantly higher levels of alama blue reduction regardless of incubation time, number of cells, level of Con A added, or serum type, as compared with what was observed in normal birds. The results indicated that the assay conditions for proliferative activity using the alama blue method in birds in which the acute phase response had been activated via intraperitoneal LPS injection requires 4 hrs of incubation for PBMC, 24 hrs of incubation for splenocytes, and 10㎍ of Con A per ml of medium.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.23-38
• /
• 2006

This study attempts to investigate the spatial characteristics of cultural economies of Bukchon in Seoul, where abundant cultural assets exist. This area has been the administrative-political core locale since 14C, therefore, a lot of traditional- and contemporary-cultural facilities are remains, This area possessed unique place characteristics by coexisting traditional and modern cultures, and thus attracted to culture demanders. Recently many economic activities have increased in this area, and most of them are related with the cultural elements of the region, In particular creative retail shops, which produce goods by flexible-specialized production system, have been agglomerated in this area, The goods are designed, produced, and sold at the shop place. Most of them are uniquely designed hand made products, and produced a few amount. The economic value of these products related with the cultural environment of Bukchon. These creative shops emerged at the front of Samcheongdong street in the beginning, and then have diffused into the inside of Samcheongdong street and Hwagae street. The shops have very unique exteriors related with traditional houses in this area, and located on roadsides where are not many passerby. Most owners of the retail stores are highly educated and studied design, and produce goods by themselves at the shops. The reason that they opened their shops in Bukchon is directly related with the unique cultural environment of this area. They hope that more unique and artistic stores join this area so that developed this area as culture and fashion combined area.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.42
• /
• pp.85-102
• /
• 2006

The objectives of this study were to classify of life style of secondary school girl students, to investigate the relationships between life styles, attitude toward appearance and clothing attitude. The method of this study was survey research by using questionnaires. Subjects were 658(middle school students 327, high school students 331) girl students located in Jeollabukdo province. In this statistical analysis, SPSS 11.5 for Windows program was utilized to calculate frequency, mean, cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis. The results of this research were as follows: The results of analysing the factors to the response lifestyles, attitude toward appearance and clothing attitude emerged five dimensions(digital orientation, material orientation, positive activity, achievement orientation, frugality), three dimensions(needs conformity value toward appearance), five dimensions(fashion pursuit, gender attractiveness, self-expression, aesthetic, and modesty). High school girls' students showed higher digital orientation and positive activity life styles, attitude toward appearance, clothing attitude except of modesty. Clothing attitude variables except of modesty had positive correlations with lifestyles and attitude toward appearance. However, modesty of clothing had negative correlations with life styles and attitude toward appearance. As a conclusion, secondary school girl students' life styles and attitude toward appearance constituted important characteristics which could affect clothing attitude directly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.342-350
• /
• 2005

In the present work antidotal effect of dietary garlic was studied on lead-intoxicated rat. One of 5 groups of young Wistar sp. male rat, aged 4 weeks for control were fed only normal diet. Lead (25 ㎎/㎏.bw/week) was administered to other four groups for plumbism model over 4 weeks, of which three groups were supplemented with one of the following raw garlic juice: 1.10 (1% diet), 2.21 (2%) and 3.31 (3%) ㎎/㎏.bw/day respectively. Body weight gain rates in all garlic group significantly increased, especially in 2% garlic group that showed 9.8% net gain, as compared with only-lead treated group but lower values than control. The fecal and urinary lead excretion in all garlic groups significantly increased in a dose dependent fashion with highest value of 9.59% net gain in 3% garlic group as compared to lead treated control group. In comparison with lead treated control group, all garlic groups showed significantly increased hemoglobin contents, hematocrit values (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activities. The values of 2% and 3% garlic groups remarkably increased while no significant difference between the values of 2% and 3% garlic groups was observed. The ALT activities, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) in all garlic groups significantly decreased as compared with lead-treated control group. The values of 2% garlic group were the lowest and significantly different from the values of 1% and 3% garlic groups. The results showed that 2%-3% garlic juice in diet had obviously antidotal effects in lead-poisoned rats by promoting lead excretion. However, mega dose garlic such as in 3% garlic group might have some adverse effects on hepatic and renal functions in rats. In conclusion, the dietary habit to take ordinary garlic sauce in appropriate amount, may be helpful for preventing lead or other heavy metal intoxication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.273-283
• /
• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of the combined dietary animal and vegetable proteins on growing female and male rats and mice. 25 female and 25 male rats of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 43-65g and 47-60g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 10 days. In case of mice, 25 female and 25 male mice of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 12-17g and 12-16g, respectively, were equally treated. The dietary energy level was set as 3600 kcal ME/kg, and protein and fat provided respectively 12 and 5% of the dietary energy. The rest 83% of the energy level was supplied with appropriate amounts of starch and glucose. The following results were obtained. The body weight gain of female and male rats were increased as the combined dietary animal protein level increased. Whereas that of male mice was the highest for the diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90). Food efficiencies both of female and male rats were improved as combined dietary of animal protein increased. Male rats were superior to that of female. In the mice, the food efficiency value of male mice was superior to that of female. And the values of the male showed the same fashion as that in the growth rate, although it was not for the female. Protein efficiencies, both of female and male rats, were improved as combined dietary of animal protein level increased. That of male mice was in accord with the body weight gain and food efficiencies. But that of female mice was not accordant. Nitrogen retention of the experimental diets in the same protein level was in proportion to nitrogen intake. That of male mice was improved as animal protein level increased, but, that of female mice was not. Body protein utilizability was found to be superior in mice to rats. Blood serum protein level was not found to be affected by the experimental diets in the same protein level. The best combination ratio of animal and vegetable protein seems to be variable depending on the sex and species of animals, and the best diets for female and male rats and female and male mice were found to be experimental diet A(Ap 10+Vp 90) or diet B(Ap 75+Vp 25), diet C(Ap 50+Vp 50), and diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90), respectively. From the above-mentioned results that there was no difference in growth rate of body weight gain from the weanling period to puberty, and that the protein requirements of rats and mice were different from each other.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.139-158
• /
• 1971

This study was initiated to observe the growth of the lengths of the body, the antenna, the rostrum, the fore leg, the middle leg, the hind leg and the width of pronotum in the postembryonic development of Anoplocnemis dallasi. The specimens measured were fifty in the first instar larva and seventy for each instar from the second instar larva to adult stage. The authors applied the growth formula and the relative growth formula to analyse the changing pattern of the growth of each part. In this paper, having applied the formulae the y=a+bt+$ct^2$ for the absolute growth and $y=bx^{\alpha}$ for the relative growth, we obtained the following results: $\circled1$ The growth quantity: The rostrum shows the slowest, straight increase, but the other shows the curving increase. The body, the hind leg, the middle leg, the fore leg, the antenna, the width of pronotum and the rostrum are systematically slow. $\circled2$ The ratio of the growth quantity: The increase rate of the rostrum shows the straight, while the other shows the curving patterns. The largest value is the increase rate of the width of pronotum (8.816 times) and the smallest one is the rostrum (3.054 times). $\circled3$ The growth ratio for each instar: The maximal ratio of the growth quantity is in the young instar larva, but the minimal one is in an advanced instar larva. $\circled4$ The growth rate: The antenna shows a decrease pattern, while the other an increase pattern. $\circled5$ The specific growth rate: The rates of the antenna, the for leg, the rostrum, the hind leg and the middle leg show a decrease pattern. In the width of pronotum and the body, they increase in the terms of the young instar larva and they increase later. The antenna shows the most rapid decrease, and the fore leg, the rostrum, the hind and the middle leg are slow in order. $\circled6$ The "$\alpha$" of the width of pronotum shows the strongest positive allometry, but the rostrum shows the weakest negative allometry to all parts. $\circled7$ The coefficient of the relative growth of each part shows a parallel fashion in the relative growth to body length, to width of pronotum, to antenna, to rostrum, to fore leg, to middle leg and to hind leg. $\circled8$ If the coefficient of the relative growth, the growth ratio ($\alpha$) increase, the initial growth index (b) is disposed to decrease and vice versa. $\circled9$ The growth center is in the terms of the young instar larva in case of the negative allometry, but it is in the terms of an advanced instar larva in case of the positive allometry.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.19-43
• /
• 2014

The Pareto principle, also known as the 80-20 rule, states that roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes for many events including natural phenomena. It has been recognized as a golden rule in business with a wide application of such discovery like 20 percent of customers resulting in 80 percent of total sales. On the other hand, the Long Tail theory, pointing out that "the trivial many" produces more value than "the vital few," has gained popularity in recent times with a tremendous reduction of distribution and inventory costs through the development of ICT(Information and Communication Technology). This study started with a view to illuminating how these two primary business paradigms-Pareto principle and Long Tail theory-relates to the success of virtual knowledge collaboration. The importance of virtual knowledge collaboration is soaring in this era of globalization and virtualization transcending geographical and temporal constraints. Many previous studies on knowledge sharing have focused on the factors to affect knowledge sharing, seeking to boost individual knowledge sharing and resolve the social dilemma caused from the fact that rational individuals are likely to rather consume than contribute knowledge. Knowledge collaboration can be defined as the creation of knowledge by not only sharing knowledge, but also by transforming and integrating such knowledge. In this perspective of knowledge collaboration, the relative distribution of knowledge sharing among participants can count as much as the absolute amounts of individual knowledge sharing. In particular, whether the more contribution of the upper 20 percent of participants in knowledge sharing will enhance the efficiency of overall knowledge collaboration is an issue of interest. This study deals with the effect of this sort of knowledge sharing distribution on the efficiency of knowledge collaboration and is extended to reflect the work characteristics. All analyses were conducted based on actual data instead of self-reported questionnaire surveys. More specifically, we analyzed the collaborative behaviors of editors of 2,978 English Wikipedia featured articles, which are the best quality grade of articles in English Wikipedia. We adopted Pareto ratio, the ratio of the number of knowledge contribution of the upper 20 percent of participants to the total number of knowledge contribution made by the total participants of an article group, to examine the effect of Pareto principle. In addition, Gini coefficient, which represents the inequality of income among a group of people, was applied to reveal the effect of inequality of knowledge contribution. Hypotheses were set up based on the assumption that the higher ratio of knowledge contribution by more highly motivated participants will lead to the higher collaboration efficiency, but if the ratio gets too high, the collaboration efficiency will be exacerbated because overall informational diversity is threatened and knowledge contribution of less motivated participants is intimidated. Cox regression models were formulated for each of the focal variables-Pareto ratio and Gini coefficient-with seven control variables such as the number of editors involved in an article, the average time length between successive edits of an article, the number of sections a featured article has, etc. The dependent variable of the Cox models is the time spent from article initiation to promotion to the featured article level, indicating the efficiency of knowledge collaboration. To examine whether the effects of the focal variables vary depending on the characteristics of a group task, we classified 2,978 featured articles into two categories: Academic and Non-academic. Academic articles refer to at least one paper published at an SCI, SSCI, A&HCI, or SCIE journal. We assumed that academic articles are more complex, entail more information processing and problem solving, and thus require more skill variety and expertise. The analysis results indicate the followings; First, Pareto ratio and inequality of knowledge sharing relates in a curvilinear fashion to the collaboration efficiency in an online community, promoting it to an optimal point and undermining it thereafter. Second, the curvilinear effect of Pareto ratio and inequality of knowledge sharing on the collaboration efficiency is more sensitive with a more academic task in an online community.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.479-492
• /
• 1997

Background : Isoniazid(INH) and rifampicin(RFP) are potent antituberculous drugs which have made tuberculous disease become decreasing. In Korea, prescribed doses of INH and RFP have been different from those recommended by American Thoracic Society. In fact they were determined by clinical experience rather than by scientific basis. Even there has been. few reports about pharmacokintic parameters of INH and RFP in healthy Koreans. Method : Oral pharmacokinetics of INH were studied in 22 healthy native Koreans after administration of 300 mg and 400mg of INH to each same person successively at least 2 weeks apart. After an overnight fast, subjects received medication and blood samples were drawn at scheduled times over a 24-hour period. Urine collection was also done for 24 hours. Pharmacokinetics of RFP were studied in 20 subjects in a same fashion with 450mg and 600mg of RFP. Plasma and urinary concentrations of INH and RFP were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Results : Time to reach peak serum concentration (Tmax) of INH was $1.05{\pm}0.34\;hrs$ at 300mg dose and $0.98{\pm}0.59\;hrs$ at 400mg dose. Half-life was $2.49{\pm}0.88\;hrs$ and $2.80{\pm}0.75\;hrs$, respectively. They were not different significantly(p > 0.05). Peak serum concentration(Cmax) after administration of 400mg of INH was $7.14{\pm}1.95mcg/mL$ which was significantly higher than Cmax ($4.37{\pm}1.28mcg/mL$) by 300mg of INH(p < 0.01). Total clearance(CLtot) of INH at 300mg dose was $26.76{\pm}11.80mL/hr$. At 400mg dose it was $21.09{\pm}8.31mL/hr$ which was significantly lower(p < 0.01) than by 300mg dose. While renal clearance(CLr) was not different among two groups, nonrenal clearance(CLnr) at 400mg dose ($18.18{\pm}8.36mL/hr$) was significantly lower than CLnr ($23.71{\pm}11.52mL/hr$) by 300mg dose(p < 0.01). Tmax of RFP was $1.11{\pm}0.41\;hrs$ at 450mg dose and $1.15{\pm}0.43\;hrs$ at 600mg dose. Half-life was $4.20{\pm}0.73\;hrs$ and $4.95{\pm}2.25\;hrs$, respectively. They were not different significantly(p > 0.05). Cmax after administration of 600mg of RFP was $13.61{\pm}3.43mcg/mL$ which was significantly higher than Cmax($10.12{\pm}2.25mcg/mL$) by 450mg of RFP(p < 0.01). CLtot of RFP at 450mg dose was $7.60{\pm}1.34mL/hr$. At 600mg dose it was $7.05{\pm}1.20mL/hr$ which was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than by 450mg dose. While CLr was not different among two groups, CLnr at 600 mg dose($5.36{\pm}1.20mL/hr$) was significantly lower than CLnr($6.19{\pm}1.56mL/hr$) by 450mg dose(p < 0.01). Conclusion : Considering Cmax and CLnr, 300mg, of INH and 450mg RFP might be sufficient doses for the treatment of tuberculosis in Koreans. But it remains to be clarified in the patients with tuberculosis.