• BMB Reports
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.165-166
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• 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and is a leading cause of disability with a large socioeconomic cost. OA is a whole-joint disease characterized by cartilage destruction, synovial inflammation, osteophyte formation, and subchondral bone sclerosis. To date, however, no effective disease-modifying therapies for OA have been developed. The estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), a family of orphan nuclear receptor transcription factors, are composed of $ERR{\alpha}$, $ERR{\beta}$, and $ERR{\gamma}$, which play diverse biological functions such as cellular energy metabolism. However, the role of ERRs in OA pathogenesis has not been studied yet. Among the ERR family members, $ERR{\gamma}$ is markedly upregulated in human and various models of mouse OA cartilage. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of $ERR{\gamma}$ in the mouse knee joint tissue caused OA pathogenesis. Additionally, cartilage-specific $ERR{\gamma}$ transgenic (Tg) mice exhibited enhanced experimental OA. Consistently, $ERR{\gamma}$ in articular chondrocytes directly caused expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP13, which play a crucial role in cartilage destruction. In contrast, genetic ablation of Esrrg or shRNA-mediated Esrrg silencing in the joint tissues abrogated experimental OA in mice. These results collectively indicated that $ERR{\gamma}$ is a novel catabolic regulator of OA pathogenesis and can be used as a therapeutic target for OA.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2005

Although the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is unknown, a familial predisposition has been recognized, with up to $55\%$ of patients having an affected relatives. Genetic linkage studies have recently mapped a gene causing CCM to a segment of the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q). We report herein a genetic linkage analysis conducted on a Korean three generation family with CCM. It's first report in Korean family. A Korean family in which one member had undergone surgery for ubtracerebrak hematoma (ICH) and confirmed the CCM, was evaluated. They were examined clinically (n=18) and by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n=10). Polymorphic markers (D7S1813, D7S1789) spanning the CCM1 locus on 7q were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction and analysis of linkage was performed in this family (n=17). Six had multiple lesions on brain MR image, one of them being symptomatic, and five were asymptomatic. Seven remaining members were asymptomatic and refused MR image study. One had died of ICH from presumed CCM. Analysis of the pedigree was consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. All affected patients were linked to CCM1. Linkage to CCM1 can account for inheritance of CCM in this family. They had some striking features with a low clinical penetrance and the presence of multiple lesions. These findings have implications for genetic testing of this disorder and represent an important step toward identification of the gene responsible for the pathogenesis of this disease.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.226-229
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• 2020

S100A8 functions as an essential factor in inflammatory response. Cytokine release of monocytes and regulation of neutrophil apoptosis are important steps in pathogenesis of allergy. This study aims to examine the relation between cytokine release of monocytes due to S100A8 and neutrophil apoptosis. S100A8 enhanced the release of IL-6 and IL-8 in monocytes of normal and allergic subjects. Treatment of supernatants of normal and allergic monocytes with S100A8 blocked neutrophil apoptosis by inhibition of caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation. The secretion signal induced by S100A8 is involved in TLR4, Src family protein, PKCδ, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB. These findings may contribute to understanding the complex pathogenesis of allergic diseases by determining inflammatory responses associated with S100A8, monocytes, and neutrophils.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2011

Fusarium graminearum virus 2 (FgV2) infects Fusarium graminearum strain 98-8-60 and has at least five segments of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), denoted as dsRNA-1 to dsRNA-5. In this study, the genome of FgV2 was sequenced and its phylogenetic relationship with other mycoviruses was analyzed. The lengths of FgV2 dsRNAs 1-5 ranged from 2414 to 3580 base pairs (bp). The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) are highly conserved, and each dsRNA segment had 78-105 and 84-306 bp of 5' and 3' UTRs, respectively. Each dsRNA segment contained a single open reading frame (ORF). Computer analysis of dsRNA-1 revealed a putative open reading frame (ORF) that shows high sequence identity with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) containing eight conserved motifs. dsRNAs 2-5 also each contain one putative ORF coding for products of unknown function. The sequences of FgV2 dsRNA-2 and dsRNA-3 have significant sequence identity with Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 (MoCV1) dsRNA-3 and -4, respectively. When compared to other dsRNA mycoviruses in a phylogenetic analysis of the putative RdRp protein, FgV2 was found to form a distinct virus clade with Aspergillus mycovirus 1816 and MoCV1 in the family Chrysoviridae.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.136-150
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• 2014

Although multiple transcription factors (TFs) have been characterized via mutagenesis to understand their roles in controlling pathogenicity and infection-related development in Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, if and how forkhead-box (FOX) TFs contribute to these processes remain to be characterized. Four putative FOX TF genes were identified in the genome of M. oryzae, and phylogenetic analysis suggested that two of them (MoFKH1 and MoHCM1) correspond to Ascomycota-specific members of the FOX TF family while the others (MoFOX1 and MoFOX2) are Pezizomycotina-specific members. Deletion of MoFKH1 (${\Delta}Mofkh1$) resulted in reduced mycelial growth and conidial germination, abnormal septation and stress response, and reduced virulence. Similarly, ${\Delta}Mohcm1$ exhibited reduced mycelial growth and conidial germination. Conidia of ${\Delta}Mofkh1$ and ${\Delta}Mohcm1$ were more sensitive to one or both of the cell cycle inhibitors hydroxyurea and benomyl, suggesting their role in cell cycle control. On the other hand, loss of MoFOX1 (${\Delta}Mofox1$) did not show any noticeable changes in development, pathogenicity, and stress response. Deletion of MoFOX2 was not successful even after repeated attempts. Taken together, these results suggested that MoFKH1 and MoHCM1 are important in fungal development and that MoFKH1 is further implicated in pathogenicity and stress response in M. oryzae.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.525-531
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• 2010

목 적: 융모 위축을 보이는 FPIES 환자의 소장 점막에는 TNF-${\alpha}$의 발현이 증가한다. TNF-${\alpha}$는 상피 세포의 세포 자렴사를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 FPIES 병리생리의 특성을 알아보고자 십이지장 점막 조직에서 TNF family와 TNF-수용체 family의 세포 자멸사를 연구하였다. 방 법: 표준화된 경구 유발 시험을 통하여 FPIES로 진단된 15례의 환자와 5례의 대조군을 대상으로 연구하였다. 세포 자멸사를 확인하기 위하여 terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) 염색을 시행하였다. 세포 자멸의 기전을 알아 보기 위해 TNF family의 TNF-${\alpha}$, Fas ligand (FasL)와 TNF-수용체 family의 TNF-related apoptosis-including ligand (TRAIL) receptor 1 (DR4), TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5), Fas를 면역조직화학으로 염색하였다. 결 과: $TUNEL^+$ 세포는 대조군에 비하여 FPIES 환자군의 십이지장 점막에서 의미 있게 높게 발현하였다($P$=0.043). TNF-${\alpha}$ ($P$=0.0001)와 DR4 ($P$=0.003)도 대조군에 비하여 FPIES군에서 의미 있게 높게 발현하였다. FasL, Fas, DR5의 발현은 두 군 모두에서 낮았으며, 두 군간에 의미 있는 차이를 보이지도 않았다. 결 론: FPIES의 병리생리는 세포 자멸사에 의하여 발생하며, TNF-${\alpha}$의 발현과 DR4 경로가 세포 자멸사에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추정된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.285-296
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• 2015

Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family, and in particular the homologue Nox4, are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox enzymes in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$. The nature of the upstream modulators of Nox enzymes as well as the downstream targets of the Nox NADPH oxidases implicated in the propagation of the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes will be highlighted.

• 한국생물물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물물리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2003

Human DJ-1 and Escherichia coli Hsp31 belong to ThiJ/PfpI family whose members contain a conserved domain. DJ-1 is associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism and Hsp31 is a molecular chaperone. Structural comparisons between DJ-1, Hsp31, and an archeal protease, a member of ThiJ/PfpI family, lead to the identification of the chaperons activity of DJ-1 and the proteolytic activity of Hsp31. Moreover, the comparisons provide insights into how the functional diversity is realized in proteins that share an evolutionarily conserved domain. On the basis of the chaperons activity, the possible role of DJ-1 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is discussed.

• 셀메드
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.12
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• 2014

Anthrax is the deadly disease for human being caused by Bacillus anthracis. Instantaneous research work on the mode of infection of the organism revealed that different proteases are involved in different steps of pathogenesis. Present study reports the in silico characterization and the detection of pathogenic proteases involved in anthrax infection through protein-protein interaction. A total of 13 acid, 9 neutral, and 1 alkaline protease of Bacillus anthracis were selected for analysing the physicochemical parameter, the protein superfamily and family search, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, protein-protein interactions and motif finding. Among the 13 acid proteases, 10 were found as extracellular enzymes that interact with immune inhibitor A (InhA) and help the organism to cross the blood brain barrier during the process of infection. Multiple sequence alignment of above acid proteases revealed the position 368, 489, and 498-contained 100% conserved amino acids which could be used to deactivate the protease. Among the groups analyzed, only acid protease were found to interact with InhA, which indicated that metalloproteases of acid protease group have the capability to develop pathogenesis during B. anthracis infection. Deactivation of conserved amino acid position of germination protease can stop the sporulation and germination of B anthracis cell. The detailed interaction study of neutral and alkaline proteases could also be helpful to design the interaction network for the better understanding of anthrax disease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.889-893
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• 2012

Appressorium is a specialized infection structure of filamentous pathogenic fungi and plays an important role in establishing a pathogenic relationship with the host. The Egh16/Egh16H family members are involved in appressorium formation and pathogenesis in pathogenic filamentous fungi. In this study, a homolog of Egh16H, Magas1, was identified from an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum. The Magas1 protein shared a number of conserved motifs with other Egh16/Egh16H family members and specifically expressed during the appressorium development period. Magas1-EGFP fusion expression showed that Magas1 protein was not localized inside the cell. Deletion of the Magas1 gene had no impact on vegetative growth, conidiation and appressorium formation, but resulted in a decreased mortality of host insect when topically inoculated. However, the mortality was not significant between the Magas1 deletion mutant and wild-type treatment when the cuticle was bypassed by injecting conidia directly into the hemocoel. Our results suggested that Magas1 may influence virulence by affecting the penetration of the insects' cuticle.