• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1347-1356
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• 2013

Tricholoma matsutake, an ectomycorrhiza that has mutual relationships with the rootlet of Pinus denisflora, forms a fruiting body that serves as a valuable food in Asia. However, the artificial culture of this fungus has not been successful. Soil fungi, including T. matsutake, coexist with many other microorganisms and plants; therefore, complex microbial communities have an influence on the fruiting body formation of T. matsutake. Here, we report on the structures of fungal communities associated with the fairy ring of T. matsutake through the pyrosequencing method. Soil samples were collected inside the fairy ring zone, in the fairy ring zone, and outside the fairy ring zone. A total of 37,125 sequencing reads were obtained and 728 to 1,962 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in the sampling zones. The fairy ring zone had the lowest OTUs and the lowest fungal diversity of all sampling zones. The number of OTUs and fungal taxa inside and outside the fairy ring zone was, respectively, about 2 times and 1.5 times higher than the fairy ring. Taxonomic analysis showed that each sampling zone has different fungal communities. In particular, out of 209 genera total, 6 genera in the fairy ring zone, such as Hemimycena, were uniquely present and 31 genera, such as Mycena, Boletopsis, and Repetophragma, were specifically absent. The results of metagenomic analysis based on the pyrosequencing indicate a decrease of fungal communities in the fairy ring zone and changes of fungal communities depending on the fairy ring growth of T. matsutake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.270-275
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• 1998

The management of pine-mushroom forest means the environmental control for fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake. Thus, the management demands intensive study for keeping healthy condition of the fairy ring, and that for the measurement of active portion of the soil ecosystem. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of T. matsutake fungus on the soil physicochemical properties and dehydrogenase activity by dividing the fairy ring into 3 regions such as 'zone of decayed mycorrhizae', 'zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae', and 'in front of fairy ring'. The passing of T. matsutake did not result in significant changes in canon contents of soils, but available phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen contents were different between the soils of active mycorrhizal zone and that in front of fairy ring. The dehydrogenase activity around the fairy ring of T. matsutake was quite lower than that in general forest soils, which indicated that the fairy ring of T. matsutake was built up in the relatively immature soils which contain little organic matter. Thus, the dehydrogenase activity of soil was thought to be used as an index for the management of pine-mushroom forest with considering that the management practically means the environmental control for keeping good conditions for the development of fairy ring of T. matsutake. Especially, the dehydrogenase activity measurement can be recommended as a tool for time-decision of litter removal by floor raking since the activity is a good index of litter decomposition.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate annual growth of fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake. The edge growth of active mycelial zone of fairy ring during $1999{\sim}2000$ and the distance between sporocarp-fruiting positions of four years ($1997{\sim}2000$) and the edge of fairy ring of 2000 were measured. The fairy ring of T. matsutake moved outward about 11.3 cm annually ($1999{\sim}2000$) in the 65 years old P. densiflora stand, and the growth was coincided with the average distance of sporocarp-fruiting positions for four years ($1997{\sim}2000$). In addition, the sporocarp-fruiting positions were about 13.8 cm apart from the edge of active mycelial zone in year of 2000. Therefore, the sporocarp-fruiting position in this year was within the mycelial region one year ago. It is strongly recommended that the sporocarp of T. matsutake should be harvested apart about 50 cm from sporocarp in order to protect the fairy ring.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.767-773
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• 2001

We investigated the impacts of the fairy-ring of Tricholoma matsutake on the dynamics of soil microflora and soil enzyme activities by grouping the soils around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake into four regions. The regions were grouped as 'zone of decayed mycorrhizae', 'zone of mycorrhizae for fruiting', 'zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae' and 'zone free from mycorrhizal infection'. Soil fungi and actinomycetes were quite little at the soils around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake compared to those of general forest soils, and there were significant differences among the four regions. The soils with the mycelial cluster of T. matsutake showed about one third of microbial population compared to those in the zone free from mycorrhizal infection, which indicated that T. matsutake took a dominant position within the fairy-ring of the fungus. We could manifest that T. matsutake showed a distinctive characteristics of mycorrhizal fungus since the activities of dehydrogenase were significantly different between the zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae and the zone free from mycorrhizal infection. The dehydrogenase activity was the highest at the early season of fruiting around the fairy-ring of T. matsutake, while the acid-phosphatase activity increased from March to June followed by a slight decrease on August and peaked on October. This phenomenon made us infer that the vitality of T. matsutake be sustained after fruiting.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.3 s.86
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• pp.306-313
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• 1998

The occurrences of ectomycorrhizal fungi were investigated in a pine-mushroom forest at Hongcheon, Korea. The fairy rings of Tricholoma matsutake were figured by the sporocarp places of T. matsutake for three years $(1995{\sim}1997)$, and the occurrences of other ectomycorrhizal fungi were surveyed with x and y dimensions for two years $(1996{\sim}1997)$. The diameters of fairy rings of T. matsutake ranged from 2m to 10m, which indicated that the age of the fairy rings as $10{\sim}50$ years when we consider that the growth of the fairy ring used to show about 10 cm per year. Russula bella, R. sororia, R. delica and Cantharellus minor were the major species occurred on the site during the survey period, and each species occupied 16.0%, 12.8%, 12.4% and 7.0% of total mushroom occurrence, respectively. From the results, we could conclude that the surveyed stand was a productivity-declining forest from the view point of pine-mushroom production. In addition, Amanita pantherina, Suillus bovinus, Ramaria flaccida and Laccaria amethystea were considered to be the indicator species for declining of pine-mushroom productivity since some fruiting bodies of the species appeared around the fairy ring of T. matsutake.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

Transplantation of matsutake-infected pine tree into a pine forest has great potential as an artificial cultivation method of Tricholoma matsutake. Matsutake-infected pine trees had previously transplanted by this research group into the experimental area from 2001 to 2004 and its survival rate determined in 2006 was 20%. For the survived samples, the characteristics of mycelial growth and the development of fairy-ring formation of T. matsutake have been evaluated until 2009. It was found that size of the indeterminate ring showed significant differences among the individual trees and varied from $4\;cm\;{\times}\;4\;cm$ to $52\;cm\;{\times}\;35\;cm$. The variation was possibly resulted from the differences in production area of the matsutake-infected pine tree and those in site characteristics of the transplanted spots. For the characteristics of mycelial growth, it grew in the shape of a cudgel or an acute-angled 'V' in early stage, and then the shape became more wider and changed into an obtuse-angled 'V' as time passed. We expect that matsutake mushrooms may occur from the fairy-rings of some of these matsutake-infected pine trees in the autumn of 2010.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2024

Tricholoma matsutake is a traditional favorite food in East Asia, cultivated in fairy rings called "shiro," which are found near Pinus densiflora. For effective artificial cultivation of Tri. matsutake, microorganisms from symbiotic fairy rings are co-cultivated. In this study, one bacterial isolate (Y22_B35) and two fungal isolates (Y22_F64 and Y22_F68) displayed growth-promoting effects on Tri. matsutake mycelium (158.47, 125.00, and 122.26% enhanced growth, respectively). For identification, 16S rRNA or ITS regions from the microorganisms¡¯ genomes were sequenced. Other sequences, including BenA, CaM, and RPB2 were sequenced in the fungal isolates. The bacterial isolate Y22_B35 was identified as Bacillus cereus. Y22_F64 and Y22_F68 were identified as Umbelopsis nana and Aspergillus parvulus, respectively. To identify the effects of the dominant microorganisms on Tri. Matsutake cultivation, metagenomic analyses were performed. Discovery of these Tri. matsutake mycelium growth-promoting microorganisms and metagenomics analyses are expected to contribute to our understanding of Tri. matsutake fruiting body growth and construction of biomimicry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.636-642
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• 2006

To make a new fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake in situ, the way of production and transplanting of ectomycorrhizal seedlings of T. matsutake using Pinus densiflora was investigated after transplanting from 2000 to 2005 as well as the method to improve their survival rate for the fungus. For the production of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings, the seedlings planted at the edge of fairy ring of T. matsutake in November showed 97% of the survival rate, while those planted in April showed 80% of the rate. For the complete infection of the T. matsutake, it required more than two years after planting. The infection rate of mycelia for the ectomycorrhizal seedlings was 17.6% when the natural seedlings were used, whereas it was relatively low when the seedlings prepared from the nursery were used. The survival of T. matsutake mycelium reached up to 22% by the transplanting in April, while the mycelium transplanted in October and November showed less than 5% of the survival. The survival of T. matsutake on the transplanted seedlings was the highest in the seedlings having 50% of infection rate before transplanting. Excavation of the ectomycorrhizal seedling to examine the vitality of ectomycorrhizal roots of T. matsutake resulted in the perishing of them. Therefore, the method using a 'rice bag triers' to check living mycelium of T. matsutake without digging of transplanted seedlings was introduced in this study. In addition, it is recommended that the examination has to be conducted at least two years after transplanting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.454-461
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• 1999

The dynamics of root system in the fairy rings of Tricholoma matsutake was investigated in four zones divided into 'zone of decayed mycorrhizae', 'zone of mycorrhizae for fruiting', 'zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae' and 'zone of roots free from mycorrhizal infection'. The roots of Pinus densiflora in fairy rings, which occupied 70% of upper crown, comprised about 60% and 87% of total roots and alive roots, respectively. The ratio of fine-roots of P. densiflora over total roots was relatively higher than other species since that of P. densiflora was about 45% while that of the other species was about 13% on research of fine-roots. Especially, the roots of pine comprised about 70% of total root in the zone of mycorrhizae for fruiting and the zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae, which indicated that the pine roots were closely related to the fairy rings of T. matsutake. The fine roots of P. densiflora in the zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae was about 60.7%(1,087mg/100g soil) which was about twice compared to that of other zones. It allowed us to suppose that the fine roots of P. densiflora can make active growth in the zone of physiologically active mycorrhizae, and the growth was promoted by the fairy ring formation of T. matsutake. In addition, we found 3~5 times higher amount of fine roots than that of medium roots of P. densiflora in this zone, which indicated that the fairy rings of T. matsutake locate in the region of active growth of P. densiflora' roots.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

We investigated turfgrass diseases and inoculum density at nationwide turfgrass cultivation sites in year of 2013. Occurrences of large patch and rust disease appeared in September. Brown patch recorded in September to October at Namhea and Pythium blight disease occurred outbreaks in early July at Namhea site. Some sites in Namhea damaged 3% area of total cultivation field by Sclerotinia homoeocarp. In Daepyeong (Gyeongnam), Fairy ring and large patch were recorded. Severe takeall and fairy ring have been observed in Gochang-si. Multi-site in Cheongju-si, brown patch was observed in pandemic level. Interesting enough, a cool-season turfgrass cultivate sites in Pyeongtaek-si brown patch, leaf blast, summer patch, and Curvularia leaf spot were investigated during the surveys period. Inoculum densities (Rhizoctonia spp.) at turfgrass cultivations sites were increased as cumulatively in all survey sites. The investigation result indicated that the disease occurrence and pathogens are similar as diseases in golf courses.