• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.443-451
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• 2013

음향방출기법은 구조물에 존재하는 손상 및 손상 메커니즘을 규명하는 가장 유효한 비파괴검사 수단으로 널리 이용되고 있다. 최근 이러한 재료 및 구조의 내부 손상의 실시간 모니터링이 가능한 기법을 활용하여 풍력 블레이드와 같은 대형 구조물의 건전성을 실시간으로 감시 가능하도록 하는 연구가 각광 받고 있다. 이 논문에서는 선행 연구를 통하여 개발된 신호 맵핑 기법을 사용하여 750 kW 블레이드에 외부 손상을 가정한 임의의 외부 충격을 가하여 위치 탐지 결과의 정확성을 확인하고, 100 kW 블레이드의 정하중 시험 시 발생하는 음향방출신호를 측정하여 손상이 발생된 것으로 의심되는 지역을 탐지하는 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 발생된 모든 외부 충격신호에 대하여 낮은 오차범위를 가지는 결과를 보였으며, 정적하중실험동안 측정된 음향방출신호와 실제 손상 발생 위치의 비교를 통하여 새로운 신호 맵핑 기법으로 블레이드에서 발생되는 내부 손상을 매우 높은 정확도로 위치 표정이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.413-427
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• 2013

폴리머 계열의 박층 라이너는 양호한 암반 조건에서 숏크리트와 철망을 대체할 수 있는 새로운 지보재로 고려되고 있으며, 1990년대부터 광산의 안정성 확보를 위해 사용되고 있다. 하지만 TSL의 지보 성능을 평가하기 위한 TSL의 특성에 대한 실험적 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 구성 성분이 다른 두 가지 TSL 재료에 대해 재령 7일에 인장강도와 부착강도를 측정하였고, EFNARC(2008)에서 제시하고 있는 지지력 평가 시험도 함께 실시하였다. 시험결과, 폴리머 함량이 높아질수록 재료의 인장강도는 높아지나 상대적으로 부착강도는 작아지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 폴리머 함량은 상대적으로 작지만 시멘트계 성분이 포함된 TSL 재료의 경우에는 경화가 빠르기 때문에 부착파괴에 대한 저항성이 높게 나타났다. 이상과 같이 폴리머 함량에 따라 TSL의 성능이 상이하게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.85-112
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• 2011

These days utilization of copyright in daily life and economic activities is becoming more important than ever, and IT technology is developing day by day. Along with those fact, copyright infringement and dispute is naturally increasing. This thesis dealt with the 3 different issues of ADR on copyright. The First part, introduce ADR system that was performed by Korea Copyright Committee according to Copyright law. This paper evaluate the committee's efforts to provide resolution of copyright disputes via conciliation was effective. So it needs to be look over several countries' ADR, beside conventional judicial remedy. And Korea's copyright conciliation system which is successfully operating also introduced. Second, In many countries, including South Korea are take advantage of conciliation as the way to settle down the dispute over copyright. Furthermore, looked over if we can use arbitration as tool to settle dispute or not. Currently in Korea, patent dispute is handled by Industrial Property Dispute Conciliation Committee(The Invention Promotion Act Ch.5) and Layout-design Review and Mediation Committee(The Act on the Layout-designs of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Art.29-34), but using performance of those two committee is still too low. In comparison, the copyright committee, a affiliation organization of the ministry of culture, sports and tourism has much more result in conciliation compare with patent dispute. Copyright disputes has arbitrability of it's subject-matter and many regulating organs are interested in it. (especially, binding of arbitral award and final resolution). Take advantage of both conciliation and arbitration could be good way to resolve copyright disputes. Third, the writer look at the proposal on the creation of Northeast Regional Center for Intellectual Property ADR. Because of the nature of copyright and rapid development of internet technology, international use of work become more frequent and accordingly infringement cases are increasing. The role of commercial arbitration regimes and institutions which has progressed significantly worldwide level, but which has only just begun in the intellectual property ADR area, leads also to a clash of often very different legal cultures and protection in a market economy. International cooperation in regional area with conflict interests becomes an important alternative. But it will depend on the building of regional institutions and mechanisms. The feasibility of this proposal and preconditions were examined. Establishment of new international organization requires a lot of time, cost and efforts. And risk of failure is much too high. Therefore factual, statistical review should be preceded. In addition, technical measures, such as on-line arbitration is necessary to review also. Furthermore in order to establish new organization, the relative law, legal environment, public sentiment and international compliance must be carefully considered with factual review about the needs and economic benefits of each country Yet on complex regulatory matters such as IP and ADR, a great deal of the potential benefits from international standards arises not from the international legal framework nor even the formal content of national legislation, but from the informed and effective use made of the possibilities within the system, including by policymakers and regulators.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2014

Purpose: The first regional trauma center selected in Korea was the Gachon University Gil hospital regional trauma center; expectation on its role has been high because of its location in the Seoul metropolitan region. To determine if those expectations are being met, we analyzed the patients visiting the center and their treatment experiences for the past 3 years in order to propose a standard for the operation of a trauma center. Methods: The visiting route, visiting methods, performance of emergency surgery, the ward and the length of stay, the injury mechanism, the injury severity score (ISS), the department that managed the surgery, and the cause of death were analyzed for 367 patients visiting the center from its establishment in June 2011 through December 2013. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47 years (285 male and 82 female patients). A total of 187 patients directly visited the center whereas 180 were transferred to the center. Traffic accidents comprised the majority of injury mechanisms, and 178 patients underwent emergency surgery. The mean length of stay per patient was 11 days for those in the ICU and 27 days for those in a general ward. These patients occupied 4 beds in the ICU and 10 beds in the general ward per day. A total of 1.21 surgeries were performed per patient, and the mean number of surgeries performed per day was 0.49. The mean ISS was 15.91, and 183 patients (50%) had an ISS of ${\geq}16$. Thirty-one patients died; they had a mean ISS of 28.42. The most frequent cause of death was multi-organ failure. The mean number of treatment consultations during a patient's stay was 6.32. Forty-five patients (13%) were discharged from the center, and 291 (79%) were transferred to another hospital. Conclusion: A systematic approach to establishing a treatment model for trauma patients, including injury mechanism, multidisciplinary treatment, and trauma surgeon intervention, is required for treating trauma patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2011

Background: Calcification is the most frequent cause of clinical failure of bioprosthetic tissues fabricated from GA-fixed porcine valves or bovine pericardium. A multi-factorial approach using different mechanisms was recently developed to reduce the calcification of bioprosthetic tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the synchronized synergism of using L-arginine and $NaBH_4$, compared with ethanol and L-lysine, in glutaraldehyde treated porcine pericardium from the standpoint of calcification and tissue elasticity. Materials and Methods: Porcine pericardium was fixed at 0.625% GA (7 days at room temperature after 2 days at $4^{\circ}C$). An interim step of ethanol (80%; 1 day at room temperature) or L-lysine (0.1 M; 2 days at $37^{\circ}C$) or L-arginine (0.1 M; 2 days at $37^{\circ}C$) was followed by completion of the GA fixation. A final step of NaBH4 (0.1 M; 2 days at room temperature) was followed. Their tensile strength, thickness, and thermal stability were measured. Treated pericardia were implanted subcutaneously into three-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. Calcium content was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and histology. Results: L-arginine and $NaBH_4$ pretreatment ($1.81{\pm}0.39$ kgf/5 mm p=0.001, $0.30{\pm}0.08$ mm p<0.001) significantly increased tensile strength and thickness compared with the control ($0.53{\pm}0.34$ kgf/5 mm, $0.10{\pm}0.02$ mm). In a thermal stability test, L-arginine and $NaBH_4$ pretreatment ($84.25{\pm}1.12^{\circ}C$, p=0.023) caused a significant difference from the control ($86.25{\pm}0.00^{\circ}C$). L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ pretreatment ($183.8{\pm}42.6$ ug/mg, p=0.804), and L-arginine and $NaBH_4$ pretreatment ($163.3{\pm}27.5$ ug/mg, p=0.621) did not significantly inhibit calcification compared to the control ($175.5{\pm}45.3$ ug/mg), but ethanol and $NaBH_4$ pretreatment did ($38.5{\pm}37.3$ ug/mg, p=0.003). Conclusion: The combined pretreatment using L-arginine and $NaBH_4$ after GA fixation seemed to increase the tensile strength and thickness of porcine pericardium, fixed with GA. Additionally, it seemed to keep thermal stability. However it could not decrease the calcification of porcine pericardium fixed with GA. $NaBH_4$ pretreatment seemed to decrease the calcification of porcine pericardium fixed with GA, but only with ethanol.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.623-634
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 시간 편집 환경과 공간 편집 환경을 하나의 삼차원 저작 환경으로 통합한 멀티미디어 프레젠테이션 공동 저작 시스템을 소개한다. 본 저작 시스템은 하나의 삼차원 좌표계에서 멀티미디어 프레젠테이션의 공간 속성과 시간 속성을 동시에 표현한다. 한 개의 축은 일반적인 시간 정보(T-zone)를 표현하고 나머지 두개의 축은 공간 정보(XY-zone)를 나타내며 시간적인 미디어 객체들은 삼차원 육면체로 표현하고 오디오 객체는 원통 모양으로 표현하고 있으므로, 사용자들이 자유자제로 삼차원공간을 이동하며 시간 편집과 공간 편집을 할 수 있어 효율적이다. 또한 본 논문에서는 제안하는 공동 저작 시스템에서 생성되는 공유 객체들에 대한 효율적인 동시성 제어 기법을 설계하고 구현하였다. 구현된 동시성 제어 기법은 다중버전 기법(multiple versions)을 가시화하여 공동 저작에서의 사용자 인지(user awareness)를 높였으며 공유 객체에 대한 접근허가권(access permissions)을 이용하여 네트워크 통신에서의 지연이나 장애로 발생할 수 있는 충돌(collision)을 최소화하였다. 그리고 이 동시성 제어 기법은 잠금 단위를 세밀하게 하여 사용자의 편집 자유도를 최대한 보장하였으며, 공유 객체의 일관성을 유지하면서 낙관적 동시성 제어(optimistic concurrency control)를 지원하므로 사용자들에게 멀티미디어 프레젠테이션을 동시 편집할 때 빠른 응답 시간을 제공할 수 있다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.159-169
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• 1999

고령화와 육체적 활동의 감소로 증가 추세에 있는 골연화증(骨軟化症)의 임상치료(臨床治療)에 도움을 얻고자 역대의서(歷代醫書)와 중의서(中醫書), 중의잡지(中醫雜誌)를 중심으로 증상(症狀), 병인(病因), 병리(病理), 치법(治法), 치방(治方) 등을 동서의학적(東西醫學的)으로 고찰하였다. 골연화증(骨軟化症)은 골의 석회화 장애로 골밀도가 감소되는 대사성 골질환으로, 동양의학(東洋醫學)에서는 골위, 골고(骨枯) 등의 골질환(骨疾患)에서 유사한 증상(症狀)이 나타나며, 병인(病因)은 주로 신허(腎虛)로서 서양의학의 신장 질환으로 인한 인(燐)의 재흡수 불량, Vit-D 대사 이상과 유사하다. 증상(症狀)으로는 요통(腰痛), 골통증(骨痛症), 다발성 골절, 동요성 보행 등이 나타난다. 치법(治法)은 보신(補腎)을 위주(爲主)로 하여 건비익신(健脾益腎),자양기혈(滋養氣血), 강장근골(强壯筋骨) 등이 있고, 치방(治方)은 육미지황탕(六味地黃湯)을 위주로 하여, 호잠환(虎潛丸), 제생신기환(濟生腎氣丸), 대보음환(大補陰丸) 등이 활용되고 있으며, 약물(藥物)은 숙지황(熟地黃), 호경골(虎脛骨), 호도육(胡挑肉), 자하차(紫河車), 두충(杜沖), 녹각교(鹿角膠), 녹용(鹿茸) 등의 보신지제(補腎之劑)가 주로 사용되고 있다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2002

포유동물의 체외수정란 치적발달조건을 수립하기 위하여 난자의 성숙, 수정 및 배양시 형태학적인 관찰만으로는 불충분하여 각 세포내 구성물 및 핵상 등의 변화를 조사하여 개별 수정란의 품질평가를 통하여 수정란 발달 능력을 향상시키는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 최근 체외생산된 수정란이 발달율 및 착상율이 현저히 감소되는 원인을 조사한 결과 이러한 수정란에서 할구의 파편화가 보다 더 진행되는 것을 관찰하였다. 이에 본 실험의 목적은 체외수정과 핵치환 유래 소 배반포에서 세포사멸 기전으로 알려진 apoptosis 조절 유전자로써 Bcl-2와 Bax 유전자의 전사체 발현량을 비교 조사함으로써 착상전 수정란 발달과정에서의 역할을 확립하고자 하였다. Apoptosis의 분석은 TUNEL 방법으로 수행하였다 체외수정과 핵치환유래 배반포에서 Bcl-2와 Bax 유전자의 발현량은 RT-PCR로 확인하였다. 핵치환유래 배반포에 있어 TUNEL 표식으로 확인된 비율은 체외수정 된 배반포보다 유의하게 높다 (P<0.001). 체외수정된 배반포의 Bcl-2의 발현량은 핵치환유래 배반포보다 높다. 반대로 체외수정된 배반포의 Bax 발현량은 핵치환 유래 소 배반포보다 낮았다 (P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 체외수정보다 핵치환 유래 소의 배반포에서 좀더 많은 파편화를 초래함을 보여준다. 또한, 핵치환 유래 수정란의 발달 정지의 증가는 apoptosis와 같은 핵의 파편화로써 야기될 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.902-908
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• 2006

Tetrandra is the root of Stephania tetrandra 5. Moore (family Menispermaceae), or of Aristolochia frangchi Wu (family Aristolochiaceae). It is a Differ-flavored and cold-property herb acting on the urinary bladder, kidney and spleen meridiands. Known biological effects of this herb are expelling wind to relieve pain and inducing diuresis to alleviate edema. This herb also has anti-inflammatory and anti-hypersensitivity actions. Recent studies have shown that Stephanniae Tetrandrae Radix has antimicrobial effects, namely, a protective effect on acute renal failure induce by gentamicin sulfate and a suppressive effect against clostridium perfringes. However, there is a lack of studies concerning the immunological activities of this herb. The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunological activities of Stephanniae Tetrandrae Radix on the regulatory mechanisms of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay after the treatment of Stephanniae Tetrandrae Radix extract (STRE) and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidences that STRE inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$, $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings showed that STRE could produce some anti-inflammatory effects which might play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.22-37
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• 2007

The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, clinically and genetically heterogeneous, characterized by degeneration of spinocerebellar pathways with variable involvement of other neural systems. At present, 27 distinct genetic forms of SCAs are known: SCA1-8, SCA10-21, SCA23, SCA25-28, DRPLA (dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy), and 16q-liked ADCA (autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia). Epidemiological data about the prevalence of SCAs are restricted to a few studies of isolated geographical regions, and most do not reflect the real occurrence of the disease. In general a prevalence of about 0.3-2 cases per 100,000 people is assumed. As SCA are highly heterogeneous, the prevalence of specific subtypes varies between different ethnic and continental populations. Most recent data suggest that SCA3 is the commonest subtype worldwide; SCA1, SCA2, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA8 have a prevalence of over 2%, and the remaining SCAs are thought to be rare (prevalence <1%). In this review, we highlight and discuss the SCA7. The hallmark of SCA7 is the association of hereditary ataxia and visual loss caused by pigmentary macular degeneration. Visual failure is progressive, bilateral and symmetrical, and leads irreversibly to blindness. This association represents a distinct disease entity classified as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) type II by Harding. The disease affectsprimarily the cerebellum and the retina by the moderate to severe neuronal loss and gliosis, but also many other central nervous system structures as the disease progresses. SCA7 is caused by expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in the ATXN7 gene encoding a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the corresponding protein, ataxin-7. Normal ATXN7 alleles contain 4-35 CAG repeats, whereas pathological alleles contain from 36->450 CAG repeats. Immunoblott analysis demonstrated that ataxin-7 is widely expressed but that expression levels vary among tissues. Instability of expanded repeats is more pronounced in SCA7 than in other SCA subtypes and can cause substantial lowering of age at onset in successive generations termed ‘anticipation’ so that children may become diseased even before their parents develop symptoms. The strong anticipation in SCA7 and the rarity of contractions should have led to its extinction within a few generations. There is no specific drug therapy for this neurodegenerative disorder. Currently, therapy remains purely symptomatic. Cellular models and SCA7 transgenic mice have been generated which constitute valuable resources for studying the disease mechanism. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in SCAs should lead to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and ultimately facilitate drug discovery. Here we summarize the clinical, pathological, and genetic aspects of SCA7, and review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder. Further, we also review the potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being explored in polyglutamine diseases.