• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.180-181
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• 2013

In order to draw indirect cost rates, theories of indirect cost were investigated, and recent field data were collected from steel factories. As a result, it was found that the ratio of indirect labor productivity compared to the direct labor ratio was approximately 17% and the ratio of indirect cost compared to direct cost was approximately 93%. Furthermore, 'The economy of construction industry' and 'size of steel factory' were found to be influence factors of the indirect cost ratio.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the traffic signal systmes and the air pollutants emitted by the motor vehicles at Kangnam Intersection. One of the most important measures of effectiveness (MOE) in traffic studies is the delay to vehicles in the system. Delay represents indirect costs to the motorist in terms of time loss and a direct cost in terms of fuel consumption during idling. The results of TRANSYT-7F modeling was correlated among delay, fuel consumption and total travel tiem. Air pollutants emission rate can be calculated by the results of modeling and the Korean type emission factor. As expected the highest emissions, for air pollutants, are observed during the morning rush hours (07 : 00-10 : 00). For better results of modeling, the TRANSYT-7F model needs to modify for the Korean type of traffic model. The results of this study indicate that the variation of air pollutants emission rates were closely related to the traffic signal system.