• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.508-513
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• 2018

Tidal volume by sevoflurane in small amounts is stable due to the increase in the breathing rate. But alveolus ventilation decreases due to sevoflurane as the degree of sedation increases; this ultimately causes $PaCO_2$ to rise. The occurrence of suppression of breath increases the risk of severe hypoxia and hypercapnia in deeply sedated patients with disabilities. Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia has a number of risks and may have unexpected problems with hemodynamic changes depending on the underlying state of the body. This study was conducted to examine the stability of internal acid-base system caused by respiratory depression occurring when patients with disabilities are induced by sevoflurane. Anesthetic induction was carried out by placing a mask on top of the patient's face and through voluntary breathing with 4 vol% of sevoflurane, 4 L/min of nitrous oxide, and 4 L/min of oxygen. After the patient's loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation, IV line was inserted by an expert and intravenous blood gas was analyzed by extracting blood from vein. In a deeply sedated state, the average amount of pH of the entire patients was measured as $7.36{\pm}0.06$. The average amount of $PvCO_2$ of the entire patients was measured as $48.8{\pm}8.50mmHg$. The average amount of $HCO_3{^-}$ of the entire patients was measured as $27.2{\pm}3.0mmol/L$. In conclusion, in dental treatment of patients with disabilities, the internal acid base response to inhalation sedation using sevoflurane is relatively stable.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.190-197
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 출입국자 관리의 효율성과 체계적인 출입국 관리를 위하여 여권 코드를 자동으로 인식하고 위조 여권을 판별할 수 있는 여권 인식 및 얼굴 인증 방법을 제안한다. 여권 이미지는 기울어진 상태로 스캔되어 획득되어질 수도 있으므로 기울기 보정은 문자 분할 및 인식, 얼굴 인증에 있어 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 여권 영상을 스미어링한 후, 추출된 문자열 중에서 가장 긴 문자열을 선택하고 이 문자열의 좌측과 우측 부분의 두께 중심을 연결하는 직선과 수평선과의 기울기를 이용하여 여권 여상에 대한 각도 보정을 수행한다. 여권 코드 추출은 소벨 연산자와 수평 스미어링, 8방향 윤곽선 추적 알고리즘을 적용하여 여권 코드의 문자열 영역을 추출하고, 추출된 여권 코드 문자열 영역에 대해 반복 이지화 방법을 적용하여 코드의 문자열 영역을 이진화한다. 이진화된 문자열 영역에 대해 CDM 마스크를 적용하여 문자열의 코드들을 복원하고 8방향 윤곽선 추적 알고리즘을 적용하여 개별 코드를 추출한다. 추출된 개별 코드는 ART2 알고리즘을 적용하여 인식한다. 얼굴 인증을 위해 템플릿 매칭 알고리즘을 이용하여 얼굴 템플릿 데이터베이스를 구축하고 여권에서 추출된 얼굴 영역과의 유사도 측정을 통하여 여권 얼굴 영역의 위조 여부를 판별한다. 얼굴 인증을 위해서 Hue, YIQ-I, YCbCr-Cb 특징들의 유사도를 종합적으로 분석하여 얼굴 인증에 적용한다. 제안된 여권 인식 및 얼굴 인증 방법의 성능을 평가를 위하여 원본 여권에 얼굴 부분을 위조한 여권과 노이즈, 대비 증가 및 감소, 밝기 증가 및 감소 및 여권 영상을 흐리게 하여 실험한 결과, 제안된 방법이 여권 코드 인식 및 얼굴 인증에 있어서 우수한 성능이 있음을 확인하였다.권 영상에서 획득되어진 얼굴 영상의 특징벡터와 데이터베이스에 있는 얼굴 영상의 특징벡터와의 거리 값을 계산하여 사진 위조 여부를 판별한다. 제안된 여권 인식 및 얼굴 인증 방법의 성능을 평가를 위하여 원본 여권에서 얼굴 부분을 위조한 여권과 기울어진 여권 영상을 대상으로 실험한 결과, 제안된 방법이 여권의 코드 인식 및 얼굴 인증에 있어서 우수한 성능이 있음을 확인하였다.진행하고 있다.태도와 유아의 창의성간에는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났고, 일반 유아의 아버지 양육태도와 유아의 창의성간의 상관에서는 아버지 양육태도의 성취-비성취 요인에서와 창의성제목의 추상성요인에서 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 창의성이 높은 아동의 아버지의 양육태도는 일반 유아의 아버지와 보다 더 애정적이며 자율성이 높지만 창의성이 높은 아동의 집단내에서 창의성에 특별한 영향을 더 미치는 아버지의 양육방식은 발견되지 않았다. 반면 일반 유아의 경우 아버지의 성취지향성이 낮을 때 자녀의 창의성을 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상에서 자녀의 창의성을 향상시키는 중요한 양육차원은 애정성이나 비성취지향성으로 나타나고 있어 정서적인 측면의 지원인 것으로 밝혀졌다.징에서 나타나는 AD-SR맥락의 반성적 탐구가 자주 나타났다. 반성적 탐구 척도 두 그룹을 비교 했을 때 CON 상호작용의 특징이 낮게 나타나는 N그룹이 양적으로 그리고 내용적으로 더 의미 있는 반성적 탐구를 했다용을 지원하는 홈페이지를 만들어 자료 제공 사이트에 대한 메타 자료를 데이터베이스화했으며 이를 통해 학생들이 원하는 실시간 자료를 검색하여 찾을 수 있고 홈페이지를 방분했을 때 이해하기 어려운 그래프나 각 홈페이지가 제공하는 자료들에 대한 처리 방법을 도움말로 제공받을 수 있게 했다. 실

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2019

Purpose: Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common types of poisoning and a major health problem worldwide. Treatment options are limited to normobaric oxygen therapy, administered using a non-rebreather face mask or hyperbaric oxygen. Compared to conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) creates a positive pressure effect through high-flow rates. The purpose of this human pilot study is to determine the effects of HFNC on the rate of CO clearance from the blood, in patients with mild to moderate CO poisoning. Methods: CO-poisoned patients were administered 100% oxygen from HFNC (flow of 60 L/min). The fraction of COHb (fCOHb) was measured at 30-min intervals until it decreased to under 10%, and the half-life time of fCOHb (fCOHb t_1/2) was subsequently determined. Results: At the time of ED arrival, a total of 10 patients had fCOHb levels ≥10%, with 4 patients ranging between 10% and 50%. The mean rate of fCOHb elimination patterns exhibits logarithmic growth curves that initially increase quickly with time (HFNC equation, Y=0.3388*X+11.67). The mean fCOHbt_1/2 in the HFNC group was determined to be 48.5±12.4 minutes. Conclusion: In patients with mild to moderate CO poisoning, oxygen delivered via high flow nasal cannula is a safe and comfortable method to treat acute CO toxicity, and is effective in reducing the COHb half-life. Our results indicate HFNC to be a promising alternative method of delivering oxygen for CO toxicity. Validating the effectiveness of this method will require larger studies with clinical outcomes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association factors of dental infection control by applying the health belief model in the dental hygienists. This study subject was 142 dental hygienists from 15 to July 5, 2020. Data were analyzed by chi-square test ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 23.0. The performance of dental infection control in accordance with the general characteristics of research subjects was high in case when they had educational experiences of infection control, and when they 'always' did medical examinations by interview about infectious diseases(p<0.01). The group of dental hygienists working for dental clinics with less than average 50 patients a day showed the highest rate of wearing a mask and latex gloves as personal protective gears(p<0.05),(p<0.01). When the wearing of protective goggles(face shield) and the frequency of exchanging masks after the outbreak of COVID-19 were more, the performance for infection control was increasing(p<0.05),(p<0.01),(p<0.001). In this study, it is difficult to generalize the results of the study because the research area and the subject are limited by selecting the subjects by convenience extraction, and focusing on the degree of awareness of infection control by dental hygienists, the actual status of infection control in dentistry is carefully illuminated. What you didn't do can be seen as a limitation. Considering the results of this study, the performance of infection control could be increased by removing obstacles and increasing the importance and perceived benefits of infection control of dental hygienists.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.643-649
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• 1998

Background: For the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring long-term oxygen therapy, oxygen concentrator machines are already widely available for use in home. In this study, we used mongrel dogs as test subjects to compare the functional efficiency and safety of the oxygen concentrator developed by our own research team with those of the imported FORLIFE(TM) machine made by AIRSEP Corp. Method and method: To test mechanical reliability, the concentrations of oxygen delivered were measured after 4 hours of continuous operation. Sixteen mongrel dogs were divided into two equal groups. Mongrel dogs in group A were given oxygen using the imported oxygen concentrator, and those in group B using the machine developed. 5 l/min of oxygen were given, after which vital signs were analyzed, arterial blood gases measured, and blood chemistry tests carried out. Results: After 4 hours of continuous operation, the imported model performed better, giving 98${\pm}$3% oxygen, compared to our model, which gave 91${\pm}$1%. In the animal experiments, oxygen concentrations were measured at the inlet of face mask 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after continuous administration, and there was no statistically significant difference(repeated measures of analysis of variance p=0.70) between the values of 70.6${\pm}$2.5%, 67.1${\pm}$2.9%, 68.2${\pm}$2.6%, and 64.9${\pm}$3.9% that were measured from group A, and the values of 65.1${\pm}$4.8%, 65.2${\pm}$3.6%, 68.7${\pm}$4.3%, and 66.0${\pm}$5.0% measured from group B. Before oxygen administration, and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after oxygen administration, arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen 87.2${\pm}$2.5 mmHg, 347.4${\pm}$29.3 mmHg, 353.4${\pm}$21.2 mmHg, 343.0${\pm}$28.8 mmHg, and 321.6${\pm}$24.4 mmHg, respectively, were read from group A, which were not statistically different (p=0.24) to the values of 102.5${\pm}$9.6 mmHg, 300.3${\pm}$17.1 mmHg, 321.6${\pm}$23.7 mmHg, 303.4${\pm}$27.4 mmHg, and 273.5${\pm}$25.9 mmHg read from group B. Nonetheless, the arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen values appear to be somewhat higher in dogs that were given oxygen using the imported oxygen concentrator. Conclusions: From these results the prototype oxygen concentrator developed appears to function relatively satisfactorily compared to the imported, established model, but may be criticized for the excessive noise generated and poor long-term endurance or consistency, which need improvement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

Background: The measurement of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity is valuable for diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. Methacholine or histamine is used for the pharmacologic provocation test. Usually a methacholine bronchial provocation test is performed by a dosing technique with counted number of breaths. A dosimeter is indispensable in the dosing technique. Recently a timed tidal breathing technique which dose not need an expensive dosimeter was introduced. We measured the degree of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine using a simple timed tidal breathing technique. Method: Forty two healthy volunteers, 12 patients with bronchial asthma(BA), 10 patients with rhinitis(RH) and 10 patients with upper respiratory infection(URI) participated in the study. The subject's nose was clipped and inhalation continued during tidal breathing for 2 minutes via a face mask. $FEV_1$ was measured at 30 seconds, 90 seconds after inhalation and inhalation of next solution was continued until there was a fall in $FEV_1$ of 20%. Histamine PC20 was defined as the concentration at 20% fall of $FEV_1$ and it was obtained from the log dose-response curve by linear interpolation. Results: Inhalation of serial dilution of histamine could be performed in all patients without significant side effects. The geometric mean${\pm}$standard deviation of histamine PC20 in healthy volunteers is $8.27{\pm}2.22mg/ml$, BA group $0.33{\pm}3.02mg/ml$, RH group $0.85{\pm}3.24mg/ml$, and URI group $1.47{\pm}1.98mg/ml$. Conclusion: Histamine bronchial provocation test using timed tidal breath method is a simple and suitable tool for management of patients with bronchial hyperreactivity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.987-996
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• 1996

Background : We prospectively evaluated the applicability and effect of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in acute respiratory failure and tried to find out the parameters that could predict successful application of NIV. Methods : Twenty-six out of 106 patients with either acute ventilatory failure (VF: $PaCO_2$ > 43 mm Hg with pH < 7.35) or oxygenation failure (OF: $PaO_2/AO_2$ < 300 mm Hg with $pH{\geq}7.35$) requiring mechanical ventilation were managed by NIV (CPAP + pressure suppon, or BiPAP) with face mask. Eleven out of 19 cases with VF (57.9%) (M : F=7 : $55.4{\pm}14.6$ yrs) and 15 out of 87 cases with OF (17.2%) (M : F=12 : 3, $50.6{\pm}15.6$ yrs) were s uilable for NIY. Respiratory rates, arterial blood gases and success rate of NIV were analyzed in each group. Results: 81.8% (9/11) of YF and 40% (6/15) of OF were successfully managed on NIV and were weruled from mechanical ventilator without resorting to endotracheal intubation. Complications were noted in 2 cases (nasal skin necrosis 1, gaseous gastric distension 1). In NIV for ventilatory failure, the respiration rate was significantly decreased at 12 hour of NIV ($34{\pm}9$ /min pre-NIV, $26{\pm}6$ /min at 12 hour of NIV, p=0.045), while $PaCO_2$ ($87.3{\pm}20.6$ mm Hg pre-NIV, $81.2{\pm}9.1$ mm Hg at 24 hour of NIV) and pH ($7.26{\pm}0.04$, $7.32{\pm}0.02$, respectively, p <0.05) were both significantly decreased at 24 hour of NIV In NIV for oxygenation failure, $PaCO_2$ were not different between the successful and the failed cases at pre-NIV and till 12 hours after NIV. The $PaO_2/FIO_2$ ratio, however, significantly improved at 0.5 hour of NIV in successful cases and were maintained at around 200 mm Hg (n=6 : at baseline, 0.5h, 6h, 12h : $120.0{\pm}19.6$, $218.9{\pm}98.3$, $191.3{\pm}55.2$, $232.8{\pm}17.6$ mm Hg, respectively, p=0.0211), but it did not rise in the failed cases (n=9 : $127.9{\pm}63.0$, $116.8{\pm}24.4$, $100.6{\pm}34.6$, $129.8{\pm}50.3$ mm Hg, respectively, p=0.5319). Conclusion : From the above results we conclude that NIV is effective for hypercapnic respiratory failure and its success was heralded by reduction of respiration rale before the reduction in $PaCO_2$ level. In hypoxic respiratory failure, NIV is much less effective, and the immediate improvement of $PaO_2/FIO_2$ ratio at 0.5h after application is thought to be a predictor of successful NIV.