• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2004

목적: 전신용 PET에 대한 표준 성능 평가 방법으로 NEMA NU2-2001이 확립되어 제안되었다. 따라서 새로이 설치되는 PET 스캐너뿐 아니라 기존에 사용 중인 스캐너에 대한 성능 평가가 이 표준 방법에 따라서 새로이 이루어 져야 한다. 이 연구에서는 NEMA NU2-2001 방법을 이용하여 CTI ECAT EXACT 47 PET 스캐너의 공간해상도, 민감도, 산란분획, NECR 등을 측정하였다. 대상 및 방법: 공간해상도를 평가하기 위하여 축 방향 시야의 정 가운데와 축 방향 시야 길이의 1/4을 벗어난 횡단면에 F-10을 채운 유리관(내경 1.1 mm)을 횡단면의 중심에서 1, 10 cm 떨어진 지점에 축 방향과 평행하게 위치시킨 후 PET 영상을 얻었다. 민감도를 측정하기 위하여 폴리에틸렌 및 알루미늄 관에 F-18을 채운 후 불응시간 손실이 1%를 넘지 않는 것을 확인한 후 영상을 획득하였다. 산란분획 및 최적 영상 획득 조건을 얻기 위하여 NECR을 NEMA 산란 팬텀을 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: FBP재구성 방법(화소 크기: $0.515{\times}0.515mm^2$)으로 영상을 재 구성했을 때 스캐너의 중심에서 1cm 벗어난 지점에서 축방향, 횡축방향 공간 분해능은 0.62, 0.66 cm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.67, 0.69 cm (FBP, 2D와 3D)이었고 중심에서 10 cm 벗어난 지점에서 축방향, 횡축반경방향, 횡축접선방향 공간 분해능은 0.72, 0.68 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.63, 0.66 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.72, 0.66 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D)이었다. 민감도는 스캐너의 횡축방향 708.6 (2D), 2931.3 (3D) counts/sec/MBq, 횡축방향 중심에서 10cm 벗어난 지점에서 728.7 (2D), 3398.2 (3D) counts/sec/MBq 이었다. 산란 분획은 0.19 (2D), 0.49 (3D)이었고 최고 참 계수율과 NECR은 2차원 영상 획득 모드에서 40.1 kBq/mL 일 때 64.0 kcps, 40.1 kBq/mL 일 때 49.6 kcps, 3차원 영상 획득 모드에서 4.76 kBq/mL 일 때 53.7 kcps, 4.47 kBq/mL 일 때 26.4 kcps이었다. 결론: 이 실험에서 NEMA NU2-2001로 측정한 PET스캐너의 물리적 특성은 PET스캐너에 대한 객관적 평가 및 최적화 된 영상 획득과 분석에 유용할 것이다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2009

목적: 본 연구는 다중계위축증(MSA)과 원발성 파킨슨병(IPD)의 감별 진단을 위하여 $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT를 사용하여 선조체내 도파민신경시스템 및 선조체외의 모노아민시스템을 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 총 13명의 IPD 환자(남:여=9:4, $65.5{\pm}5.3$세), 8명의 MSA 환자(남:여=6:2, $64.0{\pm}4.5$세), 정상인 12명(남:여=8:4, $63.3{\pm}5.7$세)에게 $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT를 시행하였다. 도파민 운반체 분석을 위해 선조체내 미상핵과 전, 후피각에 관심영역을 설정하고 세로토닌 운반체 분석을 위해 시상하부와 뇌교에 관심영역을 각각 정한 뒤 각 부위에서 $^{123}I$-FP-CIT의 결합잠재능(binding potential, BP=V3")을 계산하였다. V3"는 비특이적 결합에 대한 특이 결합의 비율을 이용하여 구하였고 비특이적 결합 부위는 후두엽 영역에서 계수를 측정하였다. 결과: 선조체 전체 및 미상핵과 전후피각 각각에서의 도파민 운반체의 농도는 MSA와 IPD환자 모두에서 정상인에 비해 현저한 감소를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 특히 IPD환자 군에서는 후측 피각에서의 도파민 운반체 농도에 심한 감소를 보여 전후피각비가 정상군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었으며($1.55{\pm}0.34$ vs. $1.29{\pm}0.06$, p=0.026), 미상핵/피각비은 증가된 양상을 보였으나 유의수준에 도달하지는 못하였다($1.24{\pm}0.20$ vs. $1.11{\pm}0.06$, p=0.23). MSA의 경우 전후피각비($1.32{\pm}0.19$)와 미상핵/피각비($1.07{\pm}0.25$)에서 정상군과 차이가 없었다. 세로토닌 운반체에 의한 뇌교에서의 섭취는 MSA환자군에서 정상군 및 IPD환자군에 비하여 감소되어 있는 경향을 나타내었으며(정상:$0.33{\pm}0.19$, IPD: $0.29{\pm}0.19$, MSA: $0.22{\pm}0.1$) 시상하부에서는 각 군에서 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서 $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT 영상을 이용하여 IPD와 MSA환자의 선조체 도파민 운반체의 감소정도와 양상을 평가하고, 뇌교 및 시상하부에서의 세로토닌 운반체 섭취의 감소를 평가하였다. $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT에 의한 선조체내 도파민 운반체 변화 및 뇌교에서의 세로토닌 운반체의 변화의 가시화 및 정량화는 MSA와 IPD의 조기 감별에 도움이 유용할 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.441-453
• /
• 2014

대륙지각의 대표적인 암석이며 우리나라의 약 25%를 차지하는 쥬라기 화강암을 대상으로 상부지각의 열적 현상을 이해하는데 중요한 정보인 물성과 열물성을 측정하였다. 충남 연기군(2개 시추공, 149개)과 대전시 유성구(1개 시추공, 59개)의 총 3개 시추공으로부터 회수한 206개 화강암의 건조 상태의 열전도도 평균은 2.813 W/mK이고, 공극 보정을 한 평균 열전도도는 2.900 W/mK이다. 공극 내 물의 효과로 인해 공극 보정을 한 열전도도가 높게 나타난다. 건조 상태의 평균 열확산율은 $1.296{\times}10^{-6}m^2/sec$이며, 온도변화에 따른 열확산율 변화는 온도가 증가할수록 열확산율이 낮아지는 경향을 보인다. $200^{\circ}C$에서의 열확산율은 상온 $25^{\circ}C$에서 보다 30% 정도 더 낮게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 206개 화강암의 평균 공극은 0.010이며, 건조밀도와 포화밀도는 각각 $2.662g/cm^3$와 $2.673g/cm^3$이다. 열전도도와 공극의 상관관계로부터 화강암의 열전도도는 공극보다 구성광물에 의한 영향이 더 큰 것을 확인하였다. 열전도도와 열확산율의 상관관계에서는 결정계수가 0.898로 선형관계가 잘 나타나고, 공극과 밀도의 상관관계에서는 ${\rho}=-2.393{\times}{\phi}+2.705$라는 상관식을 산출하였다. XRD 분석과 XRF 분석 결과로부터 석영과 $SiO_2$ 함량이 증가하면 열전도도가 높아지고 조장석과 $Al_2O_3$가 증가하면 열전도도가 낮아지는 경향을 확인하였다. 또한 부피 함량비가 많은 광물과 화학성분을 이용해 회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 석영을 이용한 선형식은 $K=0.0294V_{Quartz}+1.93$으로 산출 되었다. 또한, $SiO_2$를 이용한 선형식은 $K=0.237W_{SiO_2}-14.09$로 산출 되었고, $SiO_2$와 $Al_2O_3$를 이용한 회귀식은 $K=0.053W_{SiO_2}-0.476W_{Al_2O_3}+6.52$로 산출 되었다. Felsic-marfic index를 이용하여 산출한 비중과 측정된 비중의 평균은 각각 2.645와 2.650이며, 평균 상대오차는 0.667%로 나타났다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.709-728
• /
• 1995

The job related activities of sixty nine nurses, working in the emergency rooms of three university hospitals, were analyzed for six days according to preestablished checklist of nursing activities ; the frequency of these activities and the amount of time spent in each specific nursing activity. The established checklist was monitored every five minutes for the duration of the duty autu, thus producing 414 items of data. The data were not gathered on consecutive days but over the period of one month from May 6, 1994 to June 5, 1994. The following conclusions are derived from analysis of the data : 1. Twelve categories of nursing activities were obtained : The primary activity was communication related to the patient and all information pertaining to the patient. Other activities included maintaining the patient's record, observation and assessment of the patient, cooperation with other medical personnel, management of equipment and drugs, procedure and treatment, specimen collection, consultation and education for the patient, including drug management and personal hygiene and any other relevant education to the patient's condition. 2. The average frequency of categorized nursing activity can be classified as follows : communication related to patient was the highest at 17.6 times. The next was maintaining the patient's record at 17.3 times. The observation and assessment occurred 16.9 times. Consultation and education for patients and family, 8 times, medication, 5.7 times, and procedures and treatments, 6 times. 3. The average time required for each activity was as follows : 230.1 minutes (or maintaining the patient's record, 204.9 minutes for communication related to the patient, 199.2 minutes for observation and assessment, 71.2 minutes for medication, 66 minutes for consultation and education of the patient and family, and 51.8 minutes for procedures and treatment. 4. The most demanding nursing activity in the emergency room for the nurse was answering questions from the patient's family, maintaining communication between the medical staff, maintaining and reviewing the patient's charts, writing prescriptions and monitoring 1. V. infusion rates. 5. The most time consuming nursing activities for the emergency room nurse include maintaining and following the patient's charts, communication between the medical staff, answering questions from the patient's family, observation of the patient and relaying all of the appropriate patient information to the incoming nurses during a shift change. 6. The F-test was administered to measure the required time for the categorized nursing activities according to day, evening, and night-shift nurses. There were significant differences (p<.05) in specimen collection, observation and assessment, cooperation between medical staffs, personal hygiene, communication related to patient, education and re-search. Posterior multiple comparison test showed that specimen collection, cooperation between medical staffs and personal hygiene were mostly done by the evening-shift nurses. Also most observations and assessments were done by the night-shift nurses. Education and communication to patients were done by day-shift nurses. Thus there were significant difference between shifts for the main nursing activities. So there should considev a reallocation of the duty of nurses on each shift. 7. The F-test also indicated that there wes a similarity in time duration for procedures and treatments and for cooperation between medical staff and nurses in all three hospitals. However, the remaining categories of nursing activities also showed a significant difference between the three hospitals. This indicated that there were differences in each emergency room that influence time for each categorized nursing activities and this should be given more consideration. Recommendations : 1. A seasonal difference should be considered in the activities of nurses in the emergency room and a comparative analysis should be carried out to deter-mine seasonal differentiation. 2. A study on more objectively measurable nursing activities should be administered as well as one determining the subjective responds towards nursing activities in the emergency room.

• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.59-120
• /
• 1977

An antibiotic 'P', which is one of the products of the Gist Brocades N. V. is being tested by its research department as fungicide on seed-potatoes. For this testing they designed experiments, with two control groups, one competitor's product, eight formulations of the antibiotic to be tested in different concentrations and one mercury treatment which can not be used in practice. The treated potatoes were planted in three different regions, where bifferent conditions prevail. After several months the harvested potatoes are divided in groups according to their diameter, potato illness is analysed and counted. These data were summarised in percentage and given to us for Analysis. We approached and analysed the data by following methods: a. Computation of the mean and standard deviation of the percenage of good results in each size group and treatment. b. Computation of the experimental errors by substraction of each treatment mean from observed data. c. Description of the frequency table, plotting of a histogram and a normal curve on same graph to check normality. d. Test of normality paper and chi-sqeare test to check the goodness of fit to a normal curve. e. Test for homogeneity of variance in each treatment with the Cochran's test and Hartley's test. f. Analysis of Variance for testing the means by one way classifications. g. Drawing of graphs with upper and lower confidence limits to show the effect of different treatments. h. T-test and F-test to two Control mean and variance for making one control of Dunnett's test. i. Dunnett's Test and calculations for numerical comarision of different treatments wth one control. In region R, where the potatoes were planted, it was this year very dry and rather bad conditions to grow potatoes prevailed during the experimental period. The results of this investigation show us that treatment No.2, 3 and 4 are significantly different from other treatments and control groups (none treated, just like natural state). Treatment no.2 is the useless mercury formulation. So only No. 3 and 4, which have high concentrations of antibiotic 'P', gave a good effect to the potatoes. As well as the competitors product, middle and low concentrated formulations are not significantly different from control gro-ups of every size. In region w, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in region R, prevailed better weather conditions and was enough water obtainable from the lake. The results in this region showed that treatment No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are Significantly different from other treatments and the control groups. Again No.2 is the mercury treatmentin this investigation. Not only high concentrated formulation of antibiotic 'P', but also the competitor's poroduct gave good results. But, the effect of 'P', was better than the competitors porduct. In region G, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in the regions R and w. and the climate conditions were equal to region R, the results showed that most of the treatments are not significantly different from the control groups. Only treatment no. 3 was a little bit different from the others. but not Significantly different. It seems to us that the difference between the results in the three regions was caused by certain conditions like, the nature of the soil the degres of moisture and hours of sunshine, but we are not sure of that. As a conclusion, we can say that antibiotic 'P' has a good effect on potatoes, but in most investigations a rather high concentration of 'P' was required in formulations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.671-676
• /
• 2008

Forty-eight Naemi lambs (avg. BW 31.7 kg) were transported by truck for a distance of 1,450 km from Al-Jouf to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. On arrival day, the lambs were randomly allocated to four groups receiving diets supplemented with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ppm organic chromium (Cr). Each group consisted of four separately housed replicates of three lambs each. The animals were fed ad libitum on a grower diet for 84 days. Blood samples were obtained shortly before transportation, upon arrival and at weekly intervals thereafter from all lambs for analysis of plasma and serum. Plasma glucose and serum cortisol, total protein, albumin, urea-N and total cholesterol concentrations were determined. A cursory clinical examination of the lambs, along with rectal temperature, was undertaken at different intervals during the experiment. The lambs were inoculated each with 2 ml i.v. chicken red blood cells (CRBC) on days 0, 21, and 42. Serum total, IgG and IgM antibody titers were determined at weekly intervals post-immunization. An in vivo intradermal hypersensitivity test was carried out on 6 lambs from each group on days 10 and 70. Transportation of the lambs resulted in a significant (p<0.001) elevation of serum cortisol, total protein and albumin levels, as well as increased plasma glucose concentration, with corresponding decrease in total cholesterol, while blood urea-N remained largely unchanged. These constituents returned to normal levels during subsequent weeks, with no significant differences in their concentrations being observed between the Cr-supplemented groups and controls. Rise in rectal temperature after transportation was reduced to a greater extent (p<0.05) in Cr-supplemented versus control lambs. Total, IgG and IgM antibody titers against CRBC rose significantly (p<0.05) during immunizations in all groups, with significantly and linearly higher (p<0.05) total and IgG titers in Cr-supplemented versus control lambs. By contrast, no significant effect due to Cr supplementation was recorded in IgG titers, which increased equally in Cr-fed and control groups. Skin thickness in response to intradermal inoculation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was also significantly (p<0.01) increased as a result of Cr supplementation. These results indicate that dietary Cr supplementation might be useful during stress especially for enhancing immune responses in transport-stressed lambs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.367-372
• /
• 2014

Background: We compared the mid-term results of the Cox maze IV procedure using argon-based cryoablation with a procedure using $N_2O$-based cryoablation. Methods: From May 2006 to June 2012, 138 patients (mean age, $58.2{\pm}11.0$ years) underwent the Cox maze IV procedure. Eighty-five patients underwent the maze procedure using an $N_2O$-based cryoprobe (group N), and 53 patients underwent the maze procedure using an argon-based cryoprobe (group A). Bipolar radiofrequency ablation was concomitantly used in 131 patients. The presence of atrial fibrillation immediately, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery was compared. Results: Early mortality occurred in 6 patients (4.3%). There were no differences in early mortality or postoperative complications between the two groups. Nineteen of 115 patients (16.5%) remained in atrial fibrillation at postoperative 12 months (14 of 80 patients (17.5%) in group N and 5 of 35 patients (14.3%) in group A, p=0.669). There were no differences in the number of patients who remained in atrial fibrillation at any of the time periods except in the immediate postoperative period. A multivariable analysis revealed that the energy source of cryoablation was not associated with the presence of atrial fibrillation at 1 year (p=0.862) and that a fine F wave (<0.1 mV) was the only risk factor predicting the presence of atrial fibrillation at 1 year (p<0.001, odds ratio=20.287). Conclusion: The Cox maze IV procedure using an argon-based cryoprobe was safe and effective compared with the maze procedure using an $N_2O$-based cryoprobe in terms of operative outcomes and the restoration of sinus rhythm for up to 2 years after surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.239-259
• /
• 1993

The vegetation types and distributional characteristics of the forest vegetation on Mt. Ilwol were investigated by the Z-M school method. Geographical distribution of the vegetation was a central/montane(CEMO) type of the Korean Peninsula subtype. The forest was classified into five vegetation units: Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae (Artemisio-Quercetum typicum subass. nov., Artemsio-Quercetum pinetosum dens~florae subass. nov. ). Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae (Lychno-Quercetum Calamagrostetosum arundinaceae subass. nov.. Lychno-Quercetum ligularetosum f~scherii subass. nov.), Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Quercus variabilis community and Larix leptolepis afforestation. Species with percentage constance degree more than 61% are Quercus mongolica (89.5%, V), Lespedeza maximowiczii (73.7%, IV), Isodon japonicus(73.7%, IV), Fraxinus rhynchophylla (68.%, IV), Arlemisia stolonifera (65, 8%, IV), etc. Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae was chiefly distributed on the ridge lines of low altitudes (570~700m) and on the ground with exposed rocks in sloping surface (800~1, 000m). Both Fraxinus sievoldiana and Rhododendrou schlippenbachii of the Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae showed a predominant condition all over the subtree and shrub layers. Of Artemisio-Quercetum pinetosum densifloraes, Pinus densiflora becomes powerful over the tree layer and, on the other hand, Quercus mongolica over the subtree layer. Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae was distributed somewhat on the humid region of the high altitude area (840~1.200m). Fraxinus rhynchophylla community was chiefly distributed in the vicinity of the ravines. Quereus rariabilis community was distributed at subxeric slope on southeast side of the mountain. Larix leptolepis has been reforested at the ecotone between Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae and Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae. Percentage cover degrees of the subtree layer In Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae, Quereus rariabilis community and Larix leptolepis afforestation were relatively low, 15.3%, 5% and 2.5%, respectively.The contents of moisutre and organic matter in the soil were much higher in Luchno-Quercetum monogolicae and Larix leptolepis afforestaion than in the other communities. Contents o Ca, Mg, K and the available phosphorus were relaively high compared with forests of the other area. This result seems to be influenced by a forest fire. As the altitude increases, the moisure content in the forest soil also increases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권23호
• /
• pp.10513-10524
• /
• 2015

Background: Metastasis is a major reason for poor prognosis in patients with cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A salient feature is the ability of cancer cells to colonize different organs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in numerous cellular processes, including metastasis. Materials and Methods: In this study, the lncRNA expression profiles of two HCC cell lines, one with high potential for metastasis to the lung (HCCLM3) and the other to lymph nodes (HCCLYM-H2) were assessed using the Arraystar Human LncRNA Array v2.0, which contains 33,045 lncRNAs and 30,215 mRNAs. Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) networks were constructed and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify lncRNAs with potential functions in organ-specific metastasis. Levels of two representative lncRNAs and one representative mRNA, RP5-1014O16.1, lincRNA-TSPAN8 and TSPAN8, were further detected in HCC cell lines with differing metastasis potential by qRT-PCR. Results: Using microarray data, we identified 1,482 lncRNAs and 1,629 mRNAs that were differentially expressed (${\geq}1.5$ fold-change) between the two HCC cell lines. The most upregulated lncRNAs in H2 were RP11-672F9.1, RP5-1014O16.1, and RP11-501G6.1, while the most downregulated ones were lincRNA-TSPAN8, lincRNA-CALCA, C14orf132, NCRNA00173, and CR613944. The most upregulated mRNAs in H2 were C15orf48, PSG2, and PSG8, while the most downregulated ones were CALCB, CD81, CD24, TSPAN8, and SOST. Among them, lincRNA-TSPAN8 and TSPAN8 were found highly expressed in high lung metastatic potential HCC cells, while lowly expressed in no or low lung metastatic potential HCC cells. RP5-1014O16.1 was highly expressed in high lymphatic metastatic potential HCC cell lines, while lowly expressed in no lymphatic metastatic potential HCC cell lines. Conclusions: We provide the first detailed description of lncRNA expression profiles related to organ-specific metastasis in HCC. We demonstrated that a large number of lncRNAs may play important roles in driving HCC cells to metastasize to different sites; these lncRNAs may provide novel molecular biomarkers and offer a new basis for combating metastasis in HCC cases.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2014

Purpose: Dental casting #Gr I (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-1Mn-1Si), #Gr II (Co-25Cr-5Mo-5Cu-1Mn -1Si) and #Gr III (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-5Cu-1Mn-1Si) master alloys of granule type were manufactured the same as manufacturing processes for dental casting Ni-Cr and Co-Cr-Mo based alloys of ingot type. These alloys were analyzed melting processes with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer. Methods: These alloys were manufactured such as; alloy design, the first master alloy manufatured using vacuum arc casting machine, melting metal setting in crucible, melting in VIM, pouring in the mold of bar type, cutting the gate and runner bar and polishing. These alloys were put about 30g/charge in the ceramic crucible of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine and heat, Infrared thermal image analyzer indicated alloys in the crucible were set and operated. Results: The melting temperatures of these alloys measuring infrared thermal image analyzer were decreased in comparison with remanium$^{(R)}$ GM 800+, vera PDI$^{TM}$, Biosil$^{(R)}$ f, WISIL$^{(R)}$ M type V, Ticonium 2000 alloys of ingot type and vera PDS$^{TM}$(Aabadent, USA), Regalloy alloys of shot type. Conclusion: Co-Cr-Mo based alloy in addition to Sn(#Gr I alloy) were decreased the melting temperature with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer.