• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

Eye movements serve vision by placing the image of an object on the fovea of each retina, and by preventing slippage of images on the retina. The brain employs two modes of ocular motor control, fast eye movements (saccades) and smooth eye movements. Saccades bring the fovea to a target, and smooth eye movements prevent retinal image slip. Smooth eye movements comprise smooth pursuit, the optokinetic reflex, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vergence, and fixation. Saccades achieve rapid refixation of targets that fall on the extrafoveal retina by moving the eyes at peak velocities that can exceed $700^{\circ}/s$. Various brain lesions can affect saccadic latency, velocity, or accuracy. Smooth pursuit maintains fixation of a slowly moving target. The pursuit system responds to slippage of an image near the fovea in order to accelerate the eyes to a velocity that matches that of the target. When smooth eye movements velocity fails to match target velocity, catch-up saccades are used to compensate for limited smooth pursuit velocities. The VOR subserves vision by generating conjugate eye movements that are equal and opposite to head movements. If the VOR gain (the ratio of eye velocity to head velocity) is too high or too low, the target image is off the fovea, and head motion causes oscillopsia, an illusory to-and-fro movement of the environment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2009

Objective : The object of this literatual study is to investigate the etiology of dry eye syndrome Methods : We have selected data related to etiology of dry eye syndrome on the literature of Oriental Medicine. And we analyzed the study. Results : Treatment and etiology concerning dry eye syndrome derived diverse opinion according to medical era and practitioner. It was a good opportunity to speculate the etiology and similar symptoms of dry eye syndrome. Conclusions : Through literatual Study, we basically understood the etiology of dry eye syndrome. In the study of the etiology, it seems that further clinical studies on treatment of dry eye syndrome via oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2004

In this paper, we took the clinical data of Korean eyes and designed the schematic eye with the same optical properties of the real eye. In the design process, we took the clinical emmetorpia data of young Korean adults collected in the past and analyzed to get a basic specification of the real eye for the design of schematic eye. The purpose of design was for the schematic eye to have the same optical properties of real eye in spherical aberration and astigmatism.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 2007

Objective : The Dry Eye Syndrome is characterized by reduction of the stability of the tearfilm and a set of alterations of the eye surface which could relate to tear quality, normal makeup of tearfilm and alterations in blinking or regular closing of eyelids. We treated 3 patients who was suffering with severe Dry Eye Syndrome and assessed the effectiveness of Oriental Medicine in the treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Methods : The patients were treated by acupunture, Gi Guk Yang Hyeol-decoction(Qijuyangxie-decoction). The improvement of the symptom was judged the subjective symptoms by the change of Ocular Surface Disease Index. Result : We observed in 2 cases of the patient significant decrease in the frequency of subjective symptoms, 1 case was not treated. Conclusion: The Oriental Medicine had effective results in Dry Eye syndrome. We need to have more observation and examination of Dry Eye syndrome.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1981

In this study, measuring eye movements with E.O.G. to targets beyond 20$^{\circ}$ from fixation point, results are as follows. (1) When the eyes turn toward targets of more than 20$^{\circ}$ eccentricity, the first saccadic eye movement falls short of the target. The presence of image of the target off the fovea(visual error signal) subsequent to such an undershoot elicits, after short interval, corrective saccadic eye movements(usually one) which place the image of the target on the fovea. (2) There are different programming modes at retina for eye movement to targets within and beyond 20$^{\circ}$ from the fixation point. (3) Saccadic system, preparing the direction and amplitude of eye movement completes the corrective saccadic eye movements. (4) Distribution of latency and intersaccadic interval(I.S.I.)are frequently multi modal, with a seperation between modes of 25[msec]. (5) There are two types of saccadic eye movements for the double-step targets. This fact suggests that the visual information is sampled stochastically. (6) The new model of saccadic system including the dissociation of visual functions dependent on retinal eccentricity is required.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.168-185
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• 1996

In this research, an investigation of the eye movement was performed when the objects perceived by the eye are three-dimensional objects, two dimensional images, and three dimensional image. This investigation was done by observing the EOG(Electro-oculogram) waves which were achived from experiments. The observed waves were categorized into several groups. Differences among the waves were analyzed for each object and image perceived by the eye. In order to obtain waves to be analyzed, two kinds of experiments were performed. In each experiments, the saccadic eye movement and the smooth pusuit eye movement was considered as an independent variable individually. Waves obtained from the experiments were categorized into 4 types(Wave1, Wave2, Wave3, Wave4) depending on their characteristics. Unlike from the other images, three dimensional image was revealed as a key factor for the active movement of the eye. Futhermore, a unique eye movement was observed in the case of three dimensional image where the focus of the eye was achived in three steps.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1997

In this research, and investigation of the eye movement was performend when the objects perceived by the eye are three-dimensional objects, two dimensional images, and trhee dimensional images. This investigation was done by observing the EQG(Electro- oculogram) waves which were obtained from experiments. The observed waves were categorized into several groups. Differences among the waves were analyzed for each object and image perceived by the eye. In order to obtain waves for analysis, two kinds of experiments were performen. In each experiment, the saccadic eye movement and the smooth pursuit eye movement were considered as an independent variables. Waves obtained from the experiments were categorized into 4 types (Wave-1, Wave-2, Wave-3, Wave-4) depending on their characteristics. Unlike the other images, three dimensional image was revealed as a key factor for the active movement of the eye. Futhermore, a unique eye movement was observed in the case of three dimensional images where the focus of the eye was achieved through three steps.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1997

This paper presented an experiment which examined eye and hand movement characteristics of novice and experienced workers in the press operation. Continuous recordings of eye and hand movements were made on five novice operators and five experienced operators in press operation. Significant difference between the novice and the experienced operators was observed in eye fixation time, eye movement patterns, hand dwell time, and eye-hand coordination. Also, differences were observed in spatial distribution of eye fixations during the die-closing portion of a stroke. There were no significant differences between the novice and the experiencedoperators in the eye and the hand movement time. The results could be used to establish a guide determining the method and training period to train the novice operators.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.533-537
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• 2004

고도 정보사회의 진전에 있어 정보의 수집, 정보의 전달 등을 위해, 여러 IT기기가 사용 되어지고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 IT기기를 장애자나 고령자를 포함, 누구나가 쉽게 이용 할 수 있도록 하는 유니버설디자인은 매우 중요한 일이다. 특히 상체부자유자의 인터페이스 장치로서 시선입력장치가 주목 받고 있다. 이러한 시대적인 흐름에서 본 연구에서는 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 시선입력만으로 컴퓨터상에서 한글입력이 가능한 한글 입력 시스템을 개발 제안한다. 또한 본 연구의 목적으로는 기존의 키보드, 마우스에 의한 입력장치와 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 입력 장치와의 정점과 단점을 비교 분석하고, 정보 사회에 있어서의 장애자와 고령자들의 Barrier Free에 관한 연구를 기본 목적으로 하고 있다 본 연구의 Eye-gaze Interface는 Eye Tech Digital System회사의 Quick Glance System를 사용한다 장애자와 고령자를 대상으로 한 사용자 평가 실험에 의해 실험을 진행 하였으며, 한글의 음운규칙에 관한 연구를 기초로 한글뿐만 아니라 영어, 일본어가 입력 가능한 입력 시스템을 제안한다. 이것은 컴퓨터 조작이 곤란한 장애자와 고령자가 일반인과의 자연스러운 커뮤니케이션이 가능하도록 한 것이다. 향후 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 응용분야 또한 게임, 영상, Eye Book, 자동차운전 둥 다양한 분야에 적용 가능하리라 기대된다.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

This study has estimated the traits of conscious eye moving with the objects of the halls of subway stations. For that estimation, the observation data from eye-tracking were matched with the experiment images, while an independent program was produced and utilized for the analysis of the eye moving in the selected sections, which could provide the ground for clarifying the traits of space-users' eye moving. The outcomes can be defines as the followings. First, The application of the independently produced program provides the method for coding the great amount of observation data, which cut down a lot of analysis time for finding out the traits of conscious eye moving. Accordingly, the inclusion of eye's intentionality in the method for extracting the characteristics of eye moving enabled the features of entrance and exit of particular objects with the course of observing time to be organized. Second, The examination of eye moving at each area surrounding the object factors showed that [out]${\rightarrow}$[in], which the line of sight is from the surround area to the objects, characteristically moved from the left-top (Area I) of the selected object to the object while [in]${\rightarrow}$[out], which is from the inside of the object to the outside, also moved to the left-top (Area I). Overall, there were much eye moving from the tops of right and left (Area I, II) to the object, but the eye moving to the outside was found to move to the left-top (Area I), the right-middle (Area IV) and the right-top (Area II). Third, In order to find if there was any intense eye-moving toward a particular factor, the dominant standards were presented for analysis, which showed that there was much eye-moving from the tops (Area I, II) to the sections of 1 and 2. While the eye-moving of [in] was [I $I{\rightarrow}A$](23.0%), [$I{\rightarrow}B$](16.1%) and [$II{\rightarrow}B$](13.8%), that of [out] was [$A{\rightarrow}I$](14.8%), [$B{\rightarrow}I$](13.6%), [$A{\rightarrow}II$](11.4%), [$B{\rightarrow}IV$](11.4%) and [$B{\rightarrow}II$](10.2%). Though the eye-moving toward objects took place in specific directions (areas), that (out) from the objects to the outside was found to be dispersed widely to different areas.