• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.146-156
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• 2007

1. The effect of variations in inspiration and expiration times on heart rate variability was studied in 78 healthy subjects (mean age $24.35{\pm}1.92$ years; 47 male) between regulated respiration group and normal respiration group as the control group. 2. The control group followed normal respiration pattern, whereas the regulated group followed three types of respiration pattern. The first pattern was long respiration(E/I ratio 1.6:1), the second pattern was short inspiration followed by long expiration (SILE), and the last pattern was long inspiration followed by short expiration(LISE). The average expiration/inspiration time ratios of SILE and LISE were 1.0 and 3.4, respectively. The respiration rate in the regulated group was approximately 10 cycles/min. 3. Respiration rate and tidal volume are respiratory variables known to modulate RSA. The results of the present study indicate that RSA can also be modulated by a third respiratory variable, the expiration/inspiratory time ratio. In this study, LF, HF, RSA, VLF is increased the most in LISE group compared to the other groups. HF and RSA increased significantly in the long respiration rate and SILE groups. However LF and VLF, which reflects the sympathetic tones, did not increase as much as the LISE group.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2010

Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the effects of expiration-to-inspiration time ratio (E/I-ratio) on heart rate, which represents cardiac autonomic function, and cold-heat in the healthy people. Methods : 49 healthy young volunteers(male : female = 32 : 17) were recruited in the study. The participants completed the questionnaire for yin-yang pattern identification and then we measured the chest plethysmogram for respiration signal and the electrocardiogram for NN intervals during different E/I-ratio from 1 to 2. We compared heart rate variability including RMS-SD, VLF, LF and HF, and the trend-cycle factors decomposed from NN interval data by time series analysis among the respective E/I-ratio. We also confirmed the difference on the trend-cycle factors according to the score of the questionnaire for cold and heat pattern identification. Results : There were differences on the trend-cycle factors from NN interval data, but no significant difference on heart rate variability, among the respective E/I-ratio. We also found significant relationship between the trend-cycle factors and the heat pattern identification scores. Conclusions : The results indicate that cardiac autonomic function can be modulated by the E/I-ratio and the modulation will be slower and more tendencious than respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.143-156
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• 1997

This report was conducted to quantify the pulse/respiration ratio and set up the normal range of wan-maeck(緩脈). In order to objectify the pulse diagnosis and use as basic clinical index of Cold-Hot diagnosis, we developed the hardware and software for detection and interpretation of pulse/respiration ratio, pulse/expiration ratio, pulse/respiration ratio, inspiration time, expiration time, respiration frequency, respiration time, duration of one pulse and pulse and pulse rate per minute, The results were as follows; pulse/respiration ratio is $4.30{\pm}1.03$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $1.60{\pm}0.32$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $2.37{\pm}0.75$ times, inspiration time is $1.35{\pm}0.20$ sec, expiration time is $1.89{\pm}0.39$ sec, respiration frequency is $17.16{\pm}3.49$ times/min, total respiration time is $3.63{\pm}0.71$ sec, duration of a pulse is $0.86{\pm}0.15$ sec, pulse rate is $71.51{\pm}12.30$ times/min.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 1978

This study was done for the purpose of graphing rather improved technique through reviewing conventional technigue of the thoracic vertebrae lateral projection. The roentgenographic images which were taken at Korea University Hospital from January, 1976 to December, 1977 were observed for this study. The results were as belows: 1. The quality of diagnostic radiograph turned out that good is 21.4%, intermediate is 40.7% and poor is 37.9%. 2. The poor quality of images the caused by overlapping shadows(59.6%), incorrect position of patients(15.0%), motion of patients(7.5%), over-exposure(8.3%), under-exposure(6.7%) and processing faults(2.9%). The images were taken by following four methods of experiments were campared and researched in order to improve the problems of conventional technigues which were came out on the poor radiographes. 1. (Method 1) Low mA-long time exposure during normal respiration 2. (Method 2) Short time exposure during normal respiration 3. (Method 3) After deep inspiration, short time exposure during expiration 4. (Method 4) After full expiration, short time exposure during inspiration. In a result of the above experiments, it was found that the improved image could be got from the method 3.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-140
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• 2006

Background: In practicing qigong, People must achieve three Points : adjust their Posture, control their breathing and have a peace of mind. That is, Cho-Sin [調身] , Cho-Sik [調息] , Cho-Sim [調心] . Slow respiration is the important pattern of respiration to improve the human health. However, unsuitable breathing training have been occurred to mental disorder such as insomnia, anorexia etc. So, we think that the breathing training to consider the individual variations are desired. Objectives: We performed this study to examine the physiological effects of controlled respiration on the normal range of frequency domain electroencephalogram(EEC) in healthy subjects Also, to study examine individual variations according to the physiological effects between controlled respiration and Han-Yeol [寒熱] , respiration period, gender and age-related groups on the EEC in healthy subjects. Methods: When the subjects controlled the time of breathing (inspiration and expiration time) consciously, compared with natural respiration, and that their physiological phenomena are measured by EEC. In this research we used breathing time as in a qigong training (The Six-Word Excise) and observed physiological phenomena of the controlled natural respiration period with the ratio of seven to three(longer inspiration) and three to seven(longer expiration) . We determined, heat-cold score by Han-Yeol [寒熱] questionnaire, average of natural respiration period, according to decade, EEC of 140 healthy subjects (14 to 68 years old; 38 males, 102 females) by means of alpha, beta spectral relative power. Results: 1) In Controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}\;I\;(Fp2)\;and\;{\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) decreased on the EEC. 2) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with cold group, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with heat group, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2)increased with cold group in longer inspiration. But by means of compound effects, ${\alpha}$ II(F3) increased with cold group in longer inspiration, the other side ${\alpha}$ I (F3) decreased with heat group in controlled respiration on the EEC. 3) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) decreased with decreased-respiratory-rate(D.R.R.) group, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with D.R.R. and D.R.R. groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group on the EEG. 4) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, F3, F4) increased with female cup, ${\beta}$ I (Fp2) increased with male and female groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with male group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased with female group on the EEC. 5) Compared with the natural respiration, in longer expiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their forties group, in longer inspiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their fifties group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl) decreased in teens group on the EEG.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2013

Purpose: Circumference of the chest and waist can be one of clinical indicator to reflect respiratory function in children with cerebral palsy. In this study, we compared to differences in the chest/waist circumference and maximal phonation time between children with spastic diplegia and hemiplegia. Methods: Seventeen children with spastic diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy were recruited, who were matched to gender, age, height, weight, and body mass index for control of the known factors affected to respiratory function. The chest/waist circumference and were measured in each group, when children took a breath at rest and at maximal voluntary inspiration/expiration. Results: No significant differences were found in the chest and waist circumference and expansion between the two groups. However, only in the waist expansion, children with diplegic CP were significantly lower extensibility of lung, compared to the other group. In comparison of the maximal phonation time, a significant lower score was shown in children with spastic diplegic CP, compared to children with hemiplegic CP. Conclusion: Our results indicated that children with spastic diplegic CP had smaller chest wall and waist, compared to children with spastic hemiplegic CP. In addition, they showed a shorter time for sustaining phonation than spastic hemiplegic CP did. Therefore, spastic diplegic CP will be required for careful monitor regarding respiratory function in rehabilitation settings.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 1985

To compare heart rate, $O_2$ uptake, $Vo_2$ ($O_2$ consumption), blood pressure (systolic, diastolic), reaction time, stability, flicker fusion value during 4 load levels with Rs (self-paced respiration) and Rp (paced respiration), 4 subjects participated in this experiment 1 hour/day, 6 days/week for 9 weeks. The cycle of Rp is 6 sec. (inspiration: 3 sec. & expiration: 3 sec.) Implications of the results are discussed in terms of the change in the physiological responses and human performance by the respiratory pattern. The results are as follows, 1. The changing magnitude of heart rate with Rp was larger than with Rs and the variance during load level 4 was significant. 2. The $Vo_2$ with Rp was smaller than with Rs and maximal $O_2$ uptake given load levels with Rp occurred and for two subjects, it significantly moved from low load level to high load level. 3. The changing magnitude of blood pressure was not consistent but the systolic pressure with Rp was smaller at rest than with Rs. 4. The score of reaction time test and stability test with Rp was better than with Rs.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.6
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• pp.794-798
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• 2018

There is a growing need for a care system that can continuously monitor, manage and effectively relieve stress for modern people. In recent years, mobile healthcare devices capable of measuring heart rate have become popular, and many stress monitoring techniques using heart rate variability analysis have been actively proposed and commercialized. In addition, respiratory biofeedback methods are used to provide stress relieving services in environments using mobile healthcare devices. In this case, breathing information should be measured well to assess whether the user is doing well in biofeedback training. In this study, we extracted the heart beat interval signal from the PPG and used the oscillator based notch filter based on the IIR band pass filter to track the strongest frequency in the heart beat interval signal. The respiration signal was then estimated by filtering the heart beat interval signal with this frequency as the center frequency. Experimental results showed that the number of breathing could be measured accurately when the subject was guided to take a deep breath. Also, in the timeing measurement of inspiration and expiration, a time delay of about 1 second occurred. It is expected that this will provide a respiratory biofeedback service that can assess whether or not breathing exercise are performed well.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2006

In this article we introduce computer models that have been developed in the past to determine the concentration of metabolic gases, the oxygen and carbon dioxide, along the pulmonary circulation. The terminal concentration of these gases in the arterial blood is related with the total change of the partial pressure of the same gases in the alveoli for the time beginning with inspiration and ending with expiration. It is affected not only by the ventilation-perfusion ratio and the gas diffusion capacity of the lung membrane but also by the pulmonary defect such as shunt, dead space, diffusion impairment and ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Some pathological pulmonary symptoms such as ARDS and CDPD can be understood through the mathematical models of these pulmonary dysfunctions. Quantitative study on the blood oxygenation process using various computer models is therefore of foremost importance in order to monitor not only the pulmonary health but also the cardiac output and cell metabolism. Reviewed in this paper include the basic and advanced methods that enable numerical study on the gas exchange and on the arterial oxygenation process, which might depend on the various heart and lung physiological conditions listed above.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.297-303
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of inhalation and exhalation exercise combined with upper extremity proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern on two spirometry values: forced volume vital (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Methods: Thirty-two healthy adults were divided into two groups: 1) a combined group, which performed upper extremity D2 flexion pattern (shoulder flexed/abducted/external rotated, forearm supinated, wrist radial deviated, and finger extended) during exhalation and D2 extension pattern (shoulder extended/adducted/internal rotated, forearm pronated, wrist ulnar deviated, and finger flexed) during inhalation; and 2) reverse combined group, which performed the D2 flexion pattern during inhalation and the D2 extension pattern during exhalation. The inverse application of upper extremity movements during inhalation and exhalation induced selective resistance or assistance on respiration. FVC and PEF were measured at two time points, before and after four weeks. Results: In both groups, the pre-post intervention comparison showed significant increases in FVC and PEF (p < .05). In the between-groups comparison, the reverse combined group showed a significantly higher PEF than the combined group at four weeks post intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combined respiration exercise with reverse PNF upper extremity patterns using selective resistance showed an effective increase in PEF in healthy adults. Clinicians and researchers might consider using selective resistance as a widely applicable and cost-effective option for respiratory rehabilitation planning.