• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.151-181
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• 2016

The objective of the study is to identify the sub-path of entry into homelessness of young men and enhance understanding them. In specific, homeless risk factors were extracted through their experiences, and based on which the entry paths into homelessness were drawn. The homeless young adults were divided into two groups of those who became homeless in their adolescence and those who entered into homelessness after 19 and their differences were analyzed. As a results, the most prominent differences between the two sub-groups included individual and social factors; most of those who entered homelessness after 19 had physical or psychological problems, while the other group showed delinquency factors in adolescence and adulthood. As for social factors, the former group experienced more financial damage in the process of achieving independence before being homeless, while the latter group had relatively more experience of physical and psychological damage such as bullying, harassment and violence before being homeless and financial frauds. As for investigating the causality relationship of key homeless risk factors by adding a variable of time, and based on which, a constant pattern of entry paths toward homelessness was drawn among each sub-group of homeless young adults. For policy on homelessness, it is required to develop according to the characteristics of homeless young adults. Especially, a specific approach is necessary for the different homeless pathways by sub-group. Furthermore, the study indicated that management and preemptive responses for various homeless risk factors that homeless young adults experienced throughout their lifetime could be important prevention policy against homelessness.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2021

Many survivors of sexual violence disclose their experience to others. When they receive negative social reactions, this can be a traumatic event for the survivor where their trust towards others is violated and can cause posttraumatic cognitions and depression. Likewise, institutional betrayal, or negative reactions from trusted institutions regarding the disclosure of sexual victimization can be a traumatic event for the survivor and is associated with depression as well. However, studies investigating the mechanism underlying the relationship between institutional betrayal and depression is yet limited. Therefore, based on cognitive behavioral theory (CBT), which is known as the most effective approach to date for understanding and treating posttraumatic symptoms, this study examined if posttraumatic cognitions mediate the relationship between institutional betrayal and depression. Questionnaires were administered to 462 women who had experienced institutional betrayal to their sexual victimization. Results showed that institutional betrayal had an effect on depression only through negative cognitions about the self and world. This suggests the importance of identifying and treating trauma-related cognitions in order to prevent or cure depression of those who had experienced institutional betrayal to their sexual victimization. Limitations and implications of this study are also discussed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between health-risk factors and oral health in Korean adolescents. This cross-sectional study was based on the 9th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2013). The final participation rate in the survey was 96.4%. of a Total of 72,435 adolescents (age, 12~18 years) who had participated in the survey, 66,951 adolescents (33,777 boys and 33,174 girls) were selected for analysis, after excluding those with missing data. The key variables were oral health factors (one or more of the six oral symptoms), general characteristics (five factors), and health-risk factors (five factors). After adjusting for the general characteristics, frequency analysis, ${\chi}^2-test$ using PASW Statistics ver. 18.0, and logistic regression analysis were performed to understand the effects of health risk-factors on the oral symptoms experienced by the study subjects. Subjects who answered 'Yes' for alcohol consumption had a 1.33 times higher risk of experiencing oral symptoms. Further, subjects who smoked were at a 1.2 times higher risk of experiencing oral symptoms. With regard to internet use, the risk of experiencing oral symptoms was 1.25 times higher for subjects who used the internet for 7 hours or more than for those who used it for less than 1 hour. Compared to those subjects who had not experienced violence in school, the odds ratio of subjects who had experienced it 3~4 times was 1.54-fold higher. The study found that health-risk factors were associated with oral symptom experience. Therefore, programs to understand health-risk factors and interventions should be developed for Korean adolescents and provided on a regular basis along with oral health education.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.137-155
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sex education on knowledge and attitude related to sex. The subjects were taken from by 199 students in 3 classes from 1st grade in H girl's junior high school as the study group, and 2 classes from 1st grade in S girl's junior high school as control group. During the survey period(September 21, 1998 to September 30, 1998), 6 times in terms of one-hour class for sex education were taught to the study group. A pre-test was executed on September 19, 1998 and the post-test on September 30. The findings were as follows. 1. According to the research, 20.1％ of the subjects have experienced sex education from parents and 89.9％ from teacher. They have mostly obtained the sex-related information from teachers(59.8％), following movie, radio, TV, or video tape(40.7％), friends(35.2％), reading materials such as books, cartoons, news papers and magazines(31.7％), parents(15.6％), siblings(7.0％), PC(1.5％) and telephone service(1.5％). 2. 27.1％ of the subjects reported that they had sex-related worry concerning from friendship with the opposite sex, following physiological phenomenon(31.5％), sex violence(11.1％), physical characteristics(7.4％), VD and contraception(5.6％), sexual impulse(5.6％), pregnancy and delivery(5.5％), and sexual behaviour(3.7％). The research showed that the adolescents usually solved their problems through the consultation with theifriends(44.4％). However, 16.7％ of the subjects were turned out not to request any solution. The other minor routes to settle their problems were written materials such as books, magazines(13.0％), parents(13.0％), movie, radio, TV, or video tape(5.5％), acquainted female elders(3.7％) and teachers(3.7％). 3. The most interesting part regarding sex was the friendship with the opposite sex(61.8％), following adolescent's emotion(55.8％), physiological differences between two genders(52.8％), AIDS(48.7％), VD(46.7％), pregnancy(45.2％), contraception(45.2％), abortion(41.7％), intercourse(41.7％), masturbation(41.2％), sex violence(41.2％) and genital structure and secondary sexual characteristics(28.6％). 4. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing sex-related knowledge, the higher educational career of mother, living with at least either parent and the experience of sex education by teachers were statistically significant factors(p〈0.05). 5. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing attitudes toward sex, the experience of sex education by parents or teachers was a statistically significant factor(p〈0.05). 6. The analysis of knowledge score comparing results before and after sex education showed that control group's score decreased from 12.5 to 12.44 while the study group's score increased from 12.33 to 21.31, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 7. The analysis of the attitude scores before and after sex education showed that the control group's score slightly increased from 55.57 to 56.36, while the study group's score increased from 54.79 to 61.95, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 8. The level of sex-related concerns of the study group after sex education marked both the increase in some items and the decrease in others. 9. Most instructive session among the sex education was the third “to be a good friend to the opposite sex”(27.0％).

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 2016

Background: Blowout fracture is one of the most common facial fractures, and patients usually present with accompanying ocular complications. Many studies have looked into the frequency of persistent ocular symptoms, but there is no study on assault patients and related ocular symptoms. We evaluated the incidence of residual ocular symptoms in blowout fractures between assaulted and non-assaulted patients, and sought to identify any connection among the degree of enophthalmos, defect size, and assault-related injury. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for any patient who sustained a unilateral blowout fracture between January 2010 to December 2014. The collected data included information such as age, gender, etiology, and clinical ocular symptoms as examined by an ophthalmologist. This data was analyzed between patients who were injured through physical altercation and patients who were injured through other means. Results: The review identified a total of 182 patients. Out of these, 74 patients (40.7%) have been struck by a fist, whereas 108 patients (59.3%) have sustained non-assault related injuries. The average age was 36.1 years, and there was a male predominance in both groups (70 patients [94.6%] in the assaulted group and 87 patients [80.6%] in the non-assault group). Diplopia and enophthalmos were more frequent in patients with assault history than in non-assaulted patients (p<0.05). Preoperatively, 25 patients (33.8%) with assault history showed diplopia, whereas 20 patients (18.5%) showed diplopia in the non-assaulted group (p<0.05). Preoperative enophthalmos was present in 34 patients (45.9%) with assault history, whereas 31 patients (28.7%) showed enophthalmos in the non-assaulted group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Patients with an assault history due to a fist blow experienced preoperative symptoms more frequently than did patients with non-assault-related trauma history. Preoperative diplopia and enophthalmos occurred at a higher rate for patients who were assaulted. Surgeons should take into account such characteristics in the management of assaulted patients.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.161-179
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• 2007

The numerous definition of terrorism is viewed as the use of force or violence by individual or group that is directed toward civilian populations and intended to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions. Recently, the paradigm of terror has been developed as new terrorism motivated by 9. 11 terror in 2001. In these contexts, this study analyzed the case study of recent counter-terrorism of international events and suggested the policy implications. This study is split into four chapters. Chapter I is the introduction part. Chapter II introduces the reader to new terrorism theory, and Chapter III deals with the case study of the international counter-terrorism policy around the world, Chapter IV deals with the policy implications of the case study. The greater the political, economical and social advantages opening large international ceremonies, the larger the probability of being targets for terrorists and criminals. As terrorism is one of the important issue, the security problems at international ceremonies in Korea, rising country as political essence in Asian-Pacific region, become very important. With experienced know-hows against terror and preparations for security, local and central governments must promote the private security companies filling up vacancies of police and official security system and develop international ceremonies, rising high valuable industries in 21st century, with diplomatic efforts. International major events is the largest event related events with politics, economy, culture, and such large-scale events should be a comprehensive counterplan in the light of safety check for the location of a hazard and safety check of facilities in and out, attendance on athlete and visitor and escort of VIPs.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.180-209
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• 1999

As a pioneering study on wife rape, this study focuses on identifying the prevalence, the correlates of the individual social class and domestic violence background, and the perception of wife rape. This study uses the data based on the survey 224 married men and women who reside in Daegu, Korea. The result of this study shows that about 42.4% married men have experienced any type of wife rape. The most prevalent wife rape is force only wife rape(36.4%). Battering rape(12.1%) and sadistic rape(10.4%) are also found as significant coercive sexual issue among Korean couples. Monthly income and child abuse experience are found as significant predictors for the wife rape of married men. In addition, wife's religious enthusiasm is also negatively correlated with wife rape propensity, although the effect is not strong. The living standards is found as a strong correlate of women's propensity of being raped from their husbands. Thus, our practical attention should be given to those who have financial difficulties in low economic status, and to those who have significant child abuse experience, in order to prevent wife rape. Overall, married men and married women show pretty negative perceptions of wife rape, however, some of them are still positive of it. It is interesting that married men show a very defensive attitude against the proposal of establishing legal punishment for the people who commit wife rape. According to the gender, there is a considerable difference between men and women in terms of both the degree of acceptance of, and the demand for legal punishment of wife rape. It is problematic that the married women with a greater experience of being raped by husbands show far greater tolerance of wife rape than those with a less experience of it. These findings give us significant practical implications for social work intervention.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2014

Objective : Previous research showed that childhood trauma or domestic violence resulted in difficulties in controlling emotion and problem solving and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. To understand the long term effect of childhood trauma, this study investigated their influences on cognitive processing of anger-evoking event and anger behavior among prisoners. Methods : All data were collected from 198 prisoners off our districts in Korea. After they consented to participate, prison officer distributed a questionnaire that included scales to demographic measure, childhood abuse (emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect), cognitive response of anger (attentional focus, suspicion, rumination, and hostile attitude) and behavior of anger (impulsive reaction, verbal aggression, physical confrontation, and indirect expression). For statistical analyses, SPSS 18.0 were used and path coefficients were evaluated from the structural equational modeling using LISREL 8.52. Results : Almost 50% of prisoners of our sample experienced one or more trauma during childhood. Then we tested the long term effect of childhood trauma on anger response by structural equation modeling. As expected, childhood trauma was associated with cognitive processing of anger-evoking event and anger behavior. More specifically, emotional abuse (${\beta}$=0.21, p<0.01) predicted suspicion which in turn associated with impulsive reaction (${\beta}$=0.73, p<0.001) and verbal aggression (${\beta}$=0.87, p<0.001). Emotional abuse (${\beta}$=0.24, p<0.01) also predicted hostile attitude which associated with physical confrontation (${\beta}$=0.80, p<0.001) and indirect expression (${\beta}$=0.80, p<0.001). Interestingly, physical abuse associated directly with impulsive reaction (${\beta}$=0.23, p<0.01) and indirect expression (${\beta}$=0.17, p<0.05). Neglect predicted rumination (${\beta}$=0.15, p <0.05) which associated with indirect expression marginally (${\beta}$=0.11, P<0.10). Conclusion : The results of this study, suggest longitudinal and harmful effect of childhood trauma on difficulties in controlling anger. Especially, it was revealed that childhood abuse related with processing anger evoking events more suspicious and hostile and then various anger-expressing behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.211-234
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• 1999

The purpose of this article was to get hold of adolescent's needs for sex knowledge and to reveal their understanding of sex. These results may be applied to the sex education and counselling for adolescent. The participants of study were 267 students (females, 144 ; males, 123) who were the first and second grade form 1 middle and 2 high schools. They were asked to describe 3 questions that they wanted to know or to learn about sex. Their questions about sex were total 779(girls, subtotal 456, mean 3.2, boys, subtotal 323, mean, 2.6). These questions categorized to 9 items by content analysis. The items were ‘sexual drive, behavior and tendency(229, 29.4%)’ , ‘anatomy and physiology of reproductive system(140, 18.0%)’, ‘reproduction(131, 16.8%)’, ‘concept of sex(31, 4.0%)’, ‘acquaintance between the other sexes(17, 2.2%)’, and ‘the others(9, 1.2%)’ in order of frequency. The most frequent item that the student want to know or team about sex was ‘sexual drive, behavior and tendency’ except girls of sophomore in middle school. There were several features in participants' needs for sex knowledge as respects of the understanding of sex- biological sex, gender, and sexuality. The prominent feature in knowledge need of bio logical sex was that the participants had the interests according to their biological sex. They had the negative attitude to the phenomenons (ex, menstruation and pregnancy, phimosiectomy, etc) that they experienced or would experience due to their biological sex. A part of them asked the questions based the misconceptions and used the slangs or ‘××’, ect. to name the male or female genitalia. The male students wanted to know the female genitalia. The participants' understanding of gender reflected the sexism of our society, but they didn't accept and had doubts about the dual, hierarchical structure of that. The students, especially female seemed to be powerless to the harms of the sexual violence. Girls had much interest in their appearances and complained to our sexual culture that women comforted and served men. The participants had the dual perspective that the sexuality as respects of physiologic phenomenon was considered as natural but that as related to heterosexuals was as negative. And they deemed that men's sexual drive was stronger than women's and was difficult or was not able to be inhibited. They had much interests in homosexuality but reflected the negative attitude to that in our society. Adolescent felt wonder why the expressions of sexuality of adult were permitted but theirs were not. Lastly, a part of boys substituted querying the sexuality of animals for asking that of human. Maybe it was because of the embarrassment to talk about human's sexuality directly. The teenaged participants understood that the sex had not only the biological meanings but also the sociocultural meanings. They regarded the sex as natural and wanted to know it, but they had conceptions that it was difficult and embarrass to talk about it openly and directly.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.47-72
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• 2016

According to the survey by the Ministry of Unification, 28,133 live in South Korea as of september 2015 and the number has been steadily increased. It is interesting to note that the majority of defectors were women. Statistics say that the total of women defectors was 1,138 in 2002 and consisted of 55.5%. But the number increased to 2,706 in 2011 and consisted of 70.5%(Wikipedia, 2015). Most of them have trauma, because they experienced terrible events like prostitution, sexual abuse, domestic violence, etc. while they were living in South Korea. They had to get over a lot of challenges they never expected. They had to do whatever they need to do for their survival in South Korea as well as in North Korea. Objectives: This study focuses on identifying the psychosocial resources available for them in order to help them out living here. Method: For this purpose, this study conducted unstructured in-depth interviews with four women defectors from North Korea. Their age bracket is between the ages of 50 and 58 and they have stayed over five years in South Korea. They were recommended by social welfare workers, who had dealt with them over 20 years. For the reliability of this study, the three methods were performed such as three-month close relationship, three-person triangular verification, and diversification of resources-the field notes and observation notes. Results: As a result of this study, the resources may be labeled into three main clusters of themes such as 1) Self-Preservation - 'Self-Love', 'Family-Attachment', 'Share the Goods', 'Live in Harmony', 'Avoidance of conflict'; 2) Self-Conquest - 'Endurance', 'Earnestness and Effort', 'My own Activities', 'Chat', 'Put Down', 'Appreciation and Optimism'; 3) Self-Presence Awareness - 'I was a Precious Daughter', 'I am Mother'. Also there are thirteen sub categories to be considered. Conclusions: This study focuses on identifying how women defectors have used or can use the psychosocial resources available for them, rather than what they have struggled with. It is meaningful to identify in a positive light that this study provides how they have adjusted to a totally different context for their survival and what psychosocial resources they have used. This study can give an idea about how they may receive proper and practical help from the government programs in order to become better used to new living circumstances in South Korea. As well, this study can provide meaningful criteria and guidance with family life educators for women defectors and social workers working in counseling and social welfare areas. This study contributes to better understanding about how they are using these psychosocial resources.