• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.491-505
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this research was to understand the structure of the lived experience of parents of a child terminally ill with cancer The research question was “What is the structure of the experience of parents of a child terminally ill with cancer\ulcorner” The sample consisted of 17 parents of children admitted to the cancer units of two university hospitals in Seoul. The unstructured interviews were carried out from October 10, 1991 through January 10, 1992. They were audio-recorded and analysed using Van Kaam's method. Parents ascribed the cause of the cancer to the mother's emotional imbalance during pregnancy, the mother's stress, failure to observe religious rites, food, the parent's sin, misfortune and pollution. The theme clusters were tension, fear and depression experienced during pregnancy, stress that children suffer from abusive parents, failure to observe religious activites, bad luck, and sins committed during a previous life. When the child suffered a recurrence of cancer, the parents experienced negative emotions, nervousness, sorrow. depression and death. The theme clusters were feelings of despair, helplessness, regret, guilt, insecurity, emptyness and apathy. The long struggle with cancer resulted in the loss of economic security, loss of psychological and physical well being, and social withdrawal. The theme clusters were the economic burden of medical cost, giving up treatment, debt, limited medical insurance coverage and blood transfusion. The loss of psychological well being included stress, lack of support systems, inability to carry out responsibilities, lack of trust of the medical ten family breakdown, inappropriate expression of emotion and not disclosing the diagnosis to the child. Physically the parents suffered fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, loss of weight, dizzness, headache, psychosomatic symptoms, and increased consumption of liquor and cigarettes. Social withdrawal was manifested by taking time off from work to look after the child, decrease of outside social activities and feelings of isolation. Influences on family life were spousal conflicts, negative response of siblings, separation of the family members and economic hardship. The theme clusters were blaming a spouse for the cause of the illness and disagreements, maladjustment, lonliness, hostility and depression of siblings. The high price of medical care over the long period was a major factor influencing the life of the family. Positive experiences during the child's long illness were the strengthening of support systems and religious beliefs and financial help from social organizations. The support of one's spouse primarily helped to overcome the stress of the long illness. In addition, support was received from parents of other children with cancer and from nurses and religious leaders. The nurse, by providing empathetic support, should be a person with whom parents can express their feelings and share their experiences.

• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.226-241
• /
• 1999

This study was undertaken to find out the causal perception of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and to understand the typology. The Q-population consisted of 236 statements of causal perception were collected. Thirty eight Q-samples of causal perception were selected. The P-sample for this study were made up of 28 first visiting female rheumatoid arthritis patients from a rheumatoid arthritis specialty hospital. Each respondent responded Q-set of causal perception according to 9-point scale. The result of Q-sorting were coded and analyzed using QUANL PC program. 1) Typological Observation on Causal Perception (1) Physical Fatigue Type : Type 1 perceived that the illness occurred due to excessive work requiring physical labor or strain that had occurred from not resting after excessive physical labor, therefore, thinking the origin of the illness was from physical strain. (2) Physical origin Type : Type 2 perceived that the major cause for the illness is not only excessive physical labour but also fecundity and old age. (3) Causality to Environment Type : Type 3 perceived that rheumatoid arthritis occurred from injury to the joints or bad and humid weather. (4) Conscience of Guilty Type : Type 4 consisted of people with guilty conscience for lack of religious commitment. They perceived that the illness was a punishment from God for not praying or because of bad luck. (5) Rationally Perceiving Type : People who belong in type 5 perceived the cause of illness in light of scientific facts such as genetics, unbalanced diet or lack of exercise. (6) Psychological Stress Type : People who belong in type 6 believed that excessive stress was the cause of the illness. 2) Emotions of Rheumatoid arthritis patients Rheumatoid arthritis patients' positive emotions included determination, courage, coping, acceptance, hope, and adoption ; and their negative emotions were prostration, worry, stupor, conflicts, grievance, giving-up, resignation, depression, loss, solitariness, fear, anxiety, avoidance, anger and loneliness. Rheumatoid arthritis patients experience different level of emotions from their suffering experience from the severe pains. Rheumatoid arthritis patients also experience negative emotions when they could not perform self-care and lose their self-esteem from painful suffering ; however, they regain positive emotions when they recover from pain with the use of drugs, physical therapy or exercise. Their emotional states are closely connected to level of and presence of pain.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.46-69
• /
• 2013

권이진(1668~1734)의 문집(유회당집)에 수록된 기문에 근거하여 별업형 별서 유회당 원림(하거원)의 의미경관과 환경설계기법을 추적하였는바, 첫째, 유회당 권이진은 대전 보문산 남쪽 무수동 마을 뒷동산 일대에 20여 년 동안 3단계에 걸쳐 선묘, 별업, 원림, 강학처 등 별업형 별서원림을 조성했다. 즉, 초창기 마을 뒷동산에 부친의 묘를 자리 잡아 별업(유회당)을 조성했고, 중반기에 연못(납오지), 원림(반환원), 선묘를 보호하고 후손의 강학을 위한 여경암과 거업재 등을 조성했으며, 후반기에 유회당을 증축하고, 동쪽 영역을 확충하여 하거원 원림을 완성했다. 둘째, 풍수적 입지 체계하의 무수동 마을에 자리 잡은 유회당 별업은 본제 살림집(안동 권씨 종가), 별업(유회당), 선묘소, 하거원(원림), 여경암(강학처) 등 별업형 별서가 갖추어야 할 공간요소를 모두 포함하고 있는 대표적 사례라 하겠다. 셋째, 유불선(儒佛仙)에 기반한 의미경관 요소가 작용되었는데, (1) 부모님 추모, (2) 가문 화합, (3) 절개, (4) 덕, (5) 고매한 인간 염원, (6) 상서로움, (7) 은일자의 삶, (8) 가문 번영과 학문 발전, (9) 선조의 은혜, (10) 선경세계, (11) 묘역보존, (12) 불로장생의 염원 등을 들 수 있다. 넷째, 선영 묘역을 조성한 후 13년에 걸쳐 조성한 하거원은 계류를 따라 3개의 연못이 어우러진 수경원을 조성했으며, 5개의 대(臺)와 3곳의 대숲, 그리고 석가산 등을 갖추어 선경의 이상세계를 구축하였다. 다섯째, 소나무, 단풍, 철쭉, 진달래, 감나무, 대나무, 버드나무, 석류, 사계화, 산당화, 왜철쭉, 복숭아, 연꽃, 국화, 작약, 모란, 장미, 벽오동, 무궁화, 배롱나무, 자두와 살구, 매화, 반송, 잣나무, 회양목, 단내 등 수 많은 조경식물종을 도입하여 시정(詩情)을 통한 낭만성, 의인화를 통한 상징성과 이상향 표출, 사계절 경색을 고려한 다양성 등을 꾀하였다. 여섯째, 경관석의 활용은 자연암석을 그대로 이용하는 진경(眞景)기법, 수경요소와 연계, 석연지와 화계 등을 이용한 점경물 기법, 의미경관의 진수를 보여주는 축경형 석가산기법 등을 들 수 있다. 그리고 수경관의 특징은 자연계류와 지형조건(동쪽계곡)을 고려한 물의 적극적 활용, 계류를 따라 원림의 각 공간을 리듬감 있게 물길로 연계하는 생태적 코리도 역할, 활수담, 몽정, 호수와 복수 등 철학적 가치를 연계시킨 의미경관의 대입, 물성을 이용한 청각과 시각 등 이목구비(耳目口鼻)의 오감만족 체험 공간화 등을 들 수 있다.