• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the actual conditions of Seolleung and Jeongneung historical cultural landscape forests of Joseon Royal Tombs and to prepare systematic preservation and management plans, and the results of the study are as follows. First, in the current situation, vegetation is dominated by Quercus aliena and Pinus densiflora, and it is distributed as Quercus aliena community 21.22%, Pinus densiflora community 21.22% and Pinus densiflora afforestation 3.69%. The main vegetation communities are Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora afforestation, and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. Second, in the measuring of Diameter of Basal Height in eight quadrat, the main species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena and Alnus japonica and the maximum Distribution of Diameter of Basal Height was 20-25cm of Pinus densiflora, 25-30cm of Quercus aliena, and 25-30cm of Alnus japonica. Third, the forest is located between King and Queen's royal tombs in Seolleung, which is not suitable for the form of the tombs. In Jeongneung, the narrow space of the ceremony area shows an unfavorable environment for the formation of pine forests, and the pine forests on the left and right have a different heights that hinders the visual landscape. Fourth, as a management plan for the forests, stray pine trees, which are exotic species, are removed and pine forests are formed along the ridges. After removing the forest between the King and Queen's royal tombs of Seolleung, grass is formed, and the height of the pine forest on the left and right of Jeongneung is adjusted, and pines near the Gokjang are continuously monitored. Visually heterogeneous trees are arranged boldly, the boundary is adjusted to harmonize with the surrounding deciduous trees and maintains a buffer space of about 10m. This study is expected to provide important implications for Joseon Royal Tombs and in the future, the actual conditions of each Joseon Royal Tombs should be understood and appropriate management plans should be prepared.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1976

This study was carried out to exploit and utilize the exotic American Sycamore(Platanus occidentalis) grown in Korea as a veneer species for plywood manufacture. At present most parts of veneer Legs used in Korea were depended entirely upon the gonus Shorea woods(lauan logs) imported from Southeast Asia region. To decrease manufacturing cost and save imported lauan veneer logs, the effects on properties affecting to the six types of plywood made from proper veneer constructions composed by domestic American Sycamore and imported lauan veneers were compared and discussed. The study has important meanings for the promotion of plywood manufacture by domestic materials. Important items dealt with this study were dry and wet shear strength, moisture contents, specific gravties, and bending strength. By the results and discussions it may be summarized as follows: 1) In dry shear strength platanus(sycamore) core lauan plywood was shown most excellent strong results, and next orders were all lauan plywood, platanus faced lauan plywood, lauan core platanus plywood, lauan faced platanus plywood, and all platanus plywood. There was no difference between platanus core lauan plywood and all lauan plywood, but the differences between those plywoods and the other types of plywood were recognized. 2) In wet shear strength platanus core lauan plywood was shown excellent result the same as dry strength. The difference between platanus core lauan plywood and the other types of plywood was shown, but among the other types of plywood except platanus core lauan plywood were not recognized. 3) The differences among moisture contents according to the veneer construction were not recognized. 4) The plywood constructed by two or more sheets of lauan veneer was shown lower specific gravities than the plywood constructed by two or more sheets of platanus veneer. It is believed that this tendency due to the original specific gravities of veneer before construction. 5) The differences among specific gravities of lauan core platanus plywood, all platanus plywood and lauan faced platanus plywood were not recognized, and like this analyzed result among platanus core lauan plywood, all lauan plywood and platanus faced lauan plywood were not recognized. Accordingly it is believed that the differences are not shown among the plywood constructed by two or more veneers of same species. 6) In bending strength platanus core lauan plywood was shown most excellent values. Next orders were all lauan plywood, platanus faced lauan plywood and the other types of plywood. The differences among the plywood constructed by two or veneers of lauan were shown, but not shown among the plywood constructed by tow or more veneers of platanus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2013

This study was conducted to select superior provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) well adapted to Korean environment for timber production. In 1976, twenty-two provenances of Scots pine were introduced from Sweden and the seeds were sown in seed beds in March. After one year, the seedlings were transplanted to nursery beds. The resulting 1-1 seedlings of 22 provenances were planted at Whaseong in 1978. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications were used for test plantation. Each provenance was planted with 20-tree row plot in each block and at a spacing of $1.8{\times}1.8m$. The growth performance of each provenance was monitored up to 33-years after planting. There were significant differences among provenances in volume growth. F3001 provenance showed the best volume growth of 33-years after planting ($0.160m^3$), which was 2.2 times greater than that of the lowest provenance W2027 ($0.072m^3$). The ranking of provenances was stabilized after 14 years. Comparing to reference tree species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), all Scots pine provenances showed poor growth performance. In other words, volume growth of Japanese red pine at age 28 and 33 were 2.1 and 3.3 times greater than that of Scots pine, respectively. Moreover, survival rate of Scots pine was lower than that of Japanese red pine. Based on these results, it was suggested that Scots pine was not suitable to Korean environments. The cause of maladaptation of Scots pine and the implications of introduction breeding were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2022

The 1920s and 1930s were when new trends became prominent in Korean housing architecture. This study began with a curiosity about the appearance of residential gardens during the transition period, when housing types were changing. Since gardens are constantly evolving and living spaces, it is not easy to give a clear picture of their evolution. However, through popular magazines and newspaper articles published in the 1920-30s, this study investigated how people perceived the gardens socially and how they engaged in gardening. First, the study of Gyeongseong's urbanization process revealed that people perceived gardens as a way to give natural beauty to the urban environment. Therefore, the creation of a residential garden was strongly encouraged. Second, the housing improvement movement, which the architects actively discussed during this period, emphasized that a garden is a factor that can help improve the quality of the residential environment in terms of hygiene and landscape aesthetics. Third, since the media provided information on gardening, it was confirmed that the number of people engaged in gardening as a hobby increased. As designers and gardeners who had received a modern education became more active, the concept of "designed gardens" was formed. Lastly, although the houses were divided into various types, the shapes of the gardens did not show a significant difference according to the architecture type. They tended to embrace the time's ideal garden design and style. Therefore, even in a traditional hanok, Western-style gardens were naturally harmonized into the overall architecture, and exotic plant species could be found. Although the gardens found in media images were limited to those belonging to the homes of the intelligentsia, it can be seen that representativeness was secured, considering the popularity and ripple effect of the media. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature as it confirmed the ideal gardens and gardening methods in the 1920s and 30s.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.12 no.4 s.27
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

Domestic laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law (KMPPL) which has been mae and amended according to the conclusions and amendments of various international conventions for the prevention a marine pollution such as MARPOL 73/78 were reviewed and compared with the major contents of the relevant international conventions. Alternative measures for legislating new laws or amending existing laws such as KMPPL for the acceptance of major contents of existing international conventions were proposed. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 into which the regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ship have been adopted has been recently accepted in KMPPL which should be applied to ships which are the moving sources of air pollution at sea rather tlnn in Korea Air Environment Conservation Law which should be applied to automobiles and industrial installations in land. The major contents of LC 72/95 have been accepted in KMPPL However, a few of substances requiring special care in Annex II of 72LC, a few of items in characteristics and composition for the matter in relation to criteria governing the issue of permits for the dumping of matter at sea in Annex III of 72LC, and a few of items in wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping in Annex I of 96 Protocol have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The major contents of OPRC 90 have been accepted in KMPPL. However, oil pollution emergency plans for sea ports and oil handling facilities, and national contingency plan for preparedness and response have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The waste oil related articles if Basel Convention, which shall regulate and prohibit transboundary movement of hazardous waste, should be accepted in KMPPL in order to prevent the transfer if scrap-purpose tanker ships containing oil/water mixtures and chemicals remained on beard from advanced countries to developing and/or underdeveloped countries. International Convention for the Control if Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on the Ships should be accepted in KMPPL rather tlnn in Korea Noxious Chemicals Management Law. International Convention for Ship's Ballast Water/Sediment Management should be accepted in KMPPL or by a new law in order to prevent domestic marine ecosystem and costal environment from the invasion of harmful exotic species through the discharge of ship's ballast water.