• Title/Summary/Keyword: excreted-urine

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Correlation between Deoxycytidineuria and CdR-aminohydrolase Activity following X-Irradiation (X線照射에 따르는 Deoxycytidineuria와 CdR-aminohydrolase의 活性變化와의 連關性)

  • Man Sik kang;Rhee, Juong-Gile;Cho, Joong-Myung
    • The Korean Journal of Zoology
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.163-172
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    • 1975
  • This work was undertaken to elucidate some aspects of mechanisms underlying the increased deoxycytidineuria following irradiation in the mice, by observing Dische-positive substances liberated from thissues, the activity of CdR-aminohydrolase of tissues and the CdR excreted in the urine at various times after single whole-body exposure to 400 and 800 R of X-rays. The activity of CdR-aminohydrolase declined markedly at 1 hour in the small intestine and liver, followed by a gradual rise reaching a maximum at 3 days after irradiation. In the case of the spleen and blood, however, only a trace of activity was observed in the control and irradiated animals. The amount of Dische-positive substance liberated from the small intestine postirradiation was elevated from 3 to 12 hours, showing a maximum during 6 to 9 hours after irradiation. On the contrary, the activity of the enzyme in the liver, spleen and kidney was less than one twentieth that of the small intestine, suggesting a prediction that these organs are not attributable to the increased deoxycytidineuria. A maximum deoxycytidineuria was exhibited at 9-12 hours period, attributed a large amount of CdR to the small intestine, which might correlate with the change in the CdR-aminohydrolase activity. Radiation-induced CdR seems to be liberated from the small intestine into the blood when the CdR-aminohydrolase activity declines abruptly. Then, the CdR is rapidly subjected to a filtration in the kidney without undergoing a further degradation pathway in the blood.

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Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Metoprolol in Dogs (실험견에서 Metoprolol 약리효과의 약동/력학적 검토)

  • Oh, Dong-Jin;Jang, In-Jin;Lee, Kyung-Hun;Yim, Dong-Seok;Kim, Hyung-Kee;Shin, Sang-Goo;Park, Chan-Woong;Shin, Jae-Gook
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.251-259
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    • 1995
  • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol, a selective beta-l blocker, were examined for 360 minutes after intravenous bolus administration of metoprolol to 6 dogs. Plasma concentration and excreted amount in the urine metoprolol were measured by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PR interval and heart rate were measured by ECG monitoring. Blood pressure was monitored through intraarterial catheter in femoral artery and cardiac output by thermodilution method using Swan-Ganz catheter. To analyze the effect site concentration-response relationship, plasma concentration and pharmacological effects were simultaneously fitted to a two pharmacokinetic compartment linked to pharmacodynamic model with NONLIN program. Results are as follows. 1) The plasma concentration of metoprolol after intrvenous injection decreased biexponentially. The terminal half-life estimated was $1.33{\pm}0.40$ hours and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) and the total body clearance were $1.04{\pm}0.4\;L/kg,\;6.55{\pm}2.21\;L/hr$, respectively. The central compartment volume of distribution and peripheral compartment volume of distribution were $0.35{\pm}0.14L/kg\;and\;0.69{\pm}0.34L/kg$. The renal clearance and intercompartment clearance were $0.53{\pm}0.25\;L/min\;and\;0.35{\pm}0.19\;L/min$. 2) Simulated biophase concentration-response curve shows hyperbolic relationship and the estimated concentration-effect relationship was best explained by Emax model when the prolongation of PR interval and the reduction of the heart rate were used as pharmacodynamic parameters. Emax and EC50 were estimated to be $26.3{\pm}4.7\;msec\;and\;88.8{\pm}82.3\;g/ml$ for PR interval, and $48.7{\pm}18.8\;beats/min\;and\;113.5{\pm}78.7\;ng/ml$ for heart rate, respectively. 3) The changes of cardiac output-effect site concentration relationship was best fitted by a linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.005{\pm}0.003$. Diastolic blood pressure-effect site concentration relationship was also explained by the linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.038{\pm}0.034$.

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Prioritizing Environmental Risks of Veterinary Antibiotics Based on the Use and the Potential to Reach Environment (사용량과 잠재적 환경 유출 가능성을 기준으로 한 축산용 항생제의 우선순위 결정)

  • Seo, Young-Ho;Choi, Jun-Keun;Kim, Seung-Kyeong;Min, Hwang-Kee;Jung, Yeong-Sang
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.43-50
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    • 2007
  • Veterinary antibiotics have been widely used to increase feed efficiency, to prevent disease, and to promote growth as well as to control disease. The antibiotics administered can be excreted through the urine and feces. One of the major routes of veterinary antibiotics entering soil and water environment is via the application of animal manure to agricultural land as an organic fertilizer source. Since little is known about impacts of antibiotics on the environment, this study was conducted to prioritize the veterinary antibiotics based on the consumption and potential to reach the environment. Among 83 veterinary antibiotics consumed in Korea, ten antibiotics were used at the greater dose than 25 Mg in 2004. Potential to reach the environment was determined according to excretion rate after administered to animals and sorption affinity to soil solids after applied to agricultural land. Seventeen antibiotic active ingredients (Ais) were classified as 'High' priority in terms of the potential to reach the environment. An overall priority score was determined by combining priority score based on consumption with the degree of potential environment exposure. Twenty veterinary antibiotic AIs were classified as 'Very high' or 'High' priority requiring detailed assessment. The antibiotic AIs were identified four aminoglycosides, two macrolides, two penicillins, five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines, two quinolones, and two miscellaneous. Eight veterinary antibiotic AIs including amoxicillin, carbadox, chlortetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and tylosin were identified to have a greater priority of environmental risk in Korea.

Residue and risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics in manure-based composts and agricultural soils (가축분뇨 유래 퇴비 및 농경지 중 축산용 항생제의 잔류 및 위해성 평가)

  • Paik, Min-Kyoung;Ryu, Song-Hee;Kim, Sung-Chul;Hong, Young-Kyu;Kim, Jin-Wook;Kim, Jeong-Gyu;Kwon, Oh-Kyung
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.64 no.2
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    • pp.177-184
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    • 2021
  • While veterinary antibiotics are used only in a part of the dose administered, the rest are excreted as urine or feces. Residual antibiotics enter the adjacent agricultural environments by spraying manure-based composts on farmlands and lead to secondary pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the technique for post management such as regulatory levels of antibiotics in the agricultural environments. This study was conducted to compare by different matrices the amount of residual antibiotics such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides, which are known to be frequently used in Korea and to practice risk assessment by different antibiotics in soils before and after application of composts. Pre-treatment with modified typical method using buffer and solid phase extraction showed the recovery of composts and soils was more than 70% at ppb level and the limits of detection were 0.13-0.46 and 0.05-0.25 ㎍/kg, respectively. Analysis of manure-based composts revealed concentrations from 5.38 to 196.0 ㎍/kg for tetracyclines, from below the detection of limit (BDL) to 259.0 ㎍/kg for sulfonamides. In case of agricultural soils, residual concentrations of selected veterinary antibiotics were ranged 0.30-53.3 ㎍/kg, BDL-4.16 ㎍/kg respectively and the concentration level of tetracyclines, which had higher soil distribution coefficient (Kd) values, was higher than that of sulfonamides. There was a difference in human risk assessment by different antibiotics in soil before and after application of composts. But, it was indicated that detection values of all of 5 antibiotics were very safe on the basis that Hazard Quotient was safe below 1.

Relationship assessment of the residual antibiotics and the amount of N component by different production stages of liquid fertilizer from livestock manure (가축분뇨 유래 액비 생산단계별 항생제 잔류 농도와 질소 성분 함량과의 상관성 평가)

  • Song-Hee Ryu;Jin-Wook Kim;Young-Kyu Hong;Sung-Chul Kim;Jun-Hyeong Lee;Eun-A Jeong;Chang-Gyu Kim;Young-Man Yoon;Oh-Kyung Kwon
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.66
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    • pp.258-265
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    • 2023
  • After application of veterinary antibiotics, they may be partially metabolized before they are excreted by feces or urine either as unaltered form or as metabolites. Residual antibiotics enter the adjacent agricultural environments by spraying manure-based compost and liquid fertilizer on farmlands and lead to secondary pollution. The objective of this study was to compare the residual concentrations of 6 veterinary antibiotics by different production stages of liquid fertilizer from livestock manure recycling facilities. The relationship between concentration change of the residual antibiotics and the amount of liquid fertilizer component was also assessed. Pre-treatment showed the recovery of 63.4-106.7% at ppb level and the limit of quantification of 0.009-0.037 ㎍/L.As the result of analyzing the relationship between the residual concentrations of antibiotics and the amount of N component in liquid fertilizer by different production stages, the residual concentrations of antibiotics and N tended to decrease as the stabilization period elapsed during the liquid fertilization process. Average concentrations of sulfamethazine in raw materials, middle and final products of liquid fertilizer were 40.85, 26.17, 3.54 ㎍/L, respectively. Those of chlortetracycline decreased from 2.32 to 1.25 ㎍/L. The other 4 antibiotics also showed a decreasing trend by different production stages of liquid fertilizer. The amount of liquid fertilizer component N decreased from 0.21 to 0.096% by production stages of liquid fertilizer. It is considered that the correlation between residual antibiotic concentrations and N content can be applied as basic data for setting antibiotic reduction indicators.

Dietary Intakes, Serum Concentrations, and Urinary Excretions of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean Young Adult Women (일부 젊은 성인여자의 Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo 및 Cr의 식사섭취, 혈청농도 및 소변배설)

  • Kim, Kyune-Hee;Lim, Hyeon-Sook
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.39 no.8
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    • pp.762-772
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to investigate dietary intakes, serum concentrations, and urinary excretions of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr) of Korean young adult women. A total of 19 apparently healthy young adult women aged in their twenties or thirties participated voluntarily. One-tenth of all foods they consumed for 3 consecutive days were collected, all urine excreted for the same 3 days was gathered, and fasting venous blood was withdrawn for the trace mineral analyses. Of the food, blood, and urine samples, the contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and that of Fe by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after wet digestion. The intake of Fe, $6.94{\pm}2.18mg$, did not meet the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. On the contrary, the intakes of Zn ($9.35{\pm}4.95mg$), Cu ($1.18{\pm}0.26mg$), and Mn ($3.69{\pm}0.69mg$) were sufficient for each respective EAR. However, some of the subjects did not take the EAR for Zn. The Se intake, $41.93{\pm}9.28{\mu}g$, however, was almost similar to the EAR for Se. Although there are no references for Mo and Cr, the intakes of these minerals ($134.0{\pm}49.1\;and\;136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g$, respectively) seemed to be excessively sufficient. Serum Fe concentration, $88.7{\pm}36.8{\mu}g/dL$, seemed to be a little bit lower than its reference median but within its normal range. Approximately one-fourth of the subjects were in anemic determined by Hb and Hct and below the deficiency serum level of Fe, $60{\mu}g/dL$. In addition, serum Se concentration, $3.73{\pm}0.60{\mu}g/dL$, was also below its reference median and normal range. However, serum concentrations of Zn ($99.6{\pm}30.6{\mu}g/dL$) and Mo ($0.25{\pm}0.10{\mu}g/dL$) were fairly good compared to each reference median. The status of Cu could be determined as good although its serum concentration ($91.6{\pm}14.6{\mu}g/dL$) was slightly below its reference median. Since there are no decisive reference values, it was not easy to evaluate serum concentrations of Mn ($0.93{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($8.60{\pm}7.25{\mu}g/dL$). But Mn and Cr status seemed to be adequate. Urinary Fe excretion, $4.48{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/dL$, was pretty much lower than its reference and that of Se, $2.45{\pm}1.17{\mu}g/dL$, was also lower than its average. On the other hand, those of Zn ($42.95{\pm}20.47{\mu}g/dL$) and Cu ($5.68{\pm}1.50{\mu}g/dL$) were flirty good. In case of Mn, urinary excretion, $0.31{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/dL$, was much greater than its reference. Urinary excretions of Mo ($7.48{\pm}2.95{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($1.37{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$) were very higher compared to each reference. The results of this study revealed that Korean young adult women were considerably poor in Fe status, a bit inadequate in Se status, partly inadequate in Zn status, and flirty good in Cu, Mn, Mo and Cr status. However, there was a problem of excessive intakes of Mo and Cr. It, therefore, should be concerned to increase the intakes of Fe, Se and Zn but to decrease Mo and Cr consumption for young adult women.

The Effects of Feeding Feed Additives Containing Microorganisms on Characteristics of Excreta in Growing Pigs (육성돈에 미생물제제 급여시 분뇨 특성에 미치는 효과 연구)

  • Kwag, J.H.;Choi, D.Y.;Park, Ch.H.;Kim, J.H.;Jeong, K.H.;Yang, Ch.B.;Yoo, Y.H.;La, C.S.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2007
  • The effects of microbial feedstuff additives on feed conversion rate and physical and chemical characteristics of excreta in growing pigs were investigated. Three different products (A, B and C) were compared. Microbial population tests showed B contained higher numbers of total bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts. The amylase activity of B was also higher than that of A and C. The daily feed intake rates fer control, A, B and C were 2.06, 2.13, 2.17 and 2.34 kg, respectively. Pigs feed product C had the highest liveweight gain(2.89 kg). However, the results of feed conversion rate were not significantly different between treatments. Amount of faces excreted for control, A, B and C was 1.18, 1,19, 1.23 and 1.32 kg, respectively. Urine volume for control, A, B, and C was 1.91, 1.80, 2.19 and 2.31 kg respectively. Moisture content, T-N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in pig manure were not significantly different between treatments. The range of BOD values was 63,453 to $73,758mg/\ell$ for faeces, and 5,678 to $7,428mg/\ell$, for urine. SS values of solid and liquid excreta ranged from 142,200 to 176,000 and from 710 to $1,025mg/\ell$, respectively.

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Effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics and metabolite formation of sulfamethazine in the rabbit (토끼의 성차가 sulfamethazine의 약동학 및 대사산물 생성에 미치는 영향)

  • Yun, Hyo-in;Park, Il-hyun
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.35-39
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    • 1992
  • SMZ is one of the most widely used antibacterial agents in veterinary medicine. It is also used as a growth promotant in many species of domestic animals There are marked species differences in its metabolism and pharmacokinetics. However, its pharmacokinetic and metabolism in rabbits. which are ragarded not only as good laboratorty animals hut also as good economical animals in its own, are lacking. Sex-differences in drug metabolism are well recognized in wide range of animal species including rats. Males are known to he more active than females. It is also know that there are Significant differences in the direction of metabolic pathways. But recently, female goats are reported to be more active in the metabolie capacity of SMZ than the other sex by Dutch researchers at Utrecht. Therefore, it is not easy to make general conclusicn of having higher SMZ metal-die capacity in the male compared to the opposite sex in every animal species. In this regard, the study on metabolic pattern of SMZ in rabbits, which are regarded as hervivorous, is of interest because the dietary habbits of rabbit are comparable to thai of goal, NEW Zealand White rabbits of each sex were given SMZ(35mg/kg) as a bolus injection into the marginalean, vein in order to study its pharmacokinetic profiles(using plasma) anc metabolic pattem(24h urine) as specified in the methods anc materials. 1. In the rabbit, the major metabolic pathway of SMZ was the acetylation(the formation of $N_4AcSMZ$). There were hydroxylation pathways(50HSMZ, $6CH_2OHSMZ$) as well, in the metabolism of SMZ in the rabbit, but minor pathways. 2. No sex differences in the metabolic direction of SMZ and its metabolites formation were found from the urinary excreted metabolites of SMZ out of 24h collected urine. 3. The concentration-time curves of SMZ(35mg/kg, iv) in the plasma compartment were fitted to a one-compartment open model when using a computer program(NONLIN). There was also no difference in the pharmacokinetic pattem of SMZ between two sexes. 4. The emergence of $N_4AcSMZ$ metabolized from SMZ was very fast in the plasma of the rabbit The elimination of $N_4AcSMZ$ was prolonged as compared to that of the parent drug Vie found no sex difference in the elimination pattern of $N_4AcSMZ$ in the rabbit.

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A case-control study on the effects of the genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione S-transferase mu and theta on the risk of bladder cancer (N-Acetyltransferase 2와 glutathione S-transferase mu 및 theta 다형성이 방광암 발생에 미치는 영향에 대한 환자-대조군 연구)

  • Kim, Heon;Kim, Wun-Jae;Lee, Hyung-Lae;Lee, Moo-Song;Kim, Cheol-Hwan;Kim, Ro-Sa;Nan, Hong-Mei
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.31 no.2 s.61
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    • pp.275-284
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    • 1998
  • Activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of various carcinogenic xenobiotics is one of the most important host factors for cancer occurrence. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are enzymes which .educe the toxicity of activated carcinogenic metabolites. Slow N-acetylation and lack of GST mu (GSTMI) were reported as risk factors of bladder cancer. GST theta (GSTT1), which is another type of GST, was reported to be deleted at higher proportion among Koreans. Since cause of bladder cancer is not fully explained by single risk factor, many kinds of enzymes would be involved in the metabolism of carcinogens excreted in urine. This study was performed to investigate whether the polymorphisms of NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 are risk factors of bladder cancer and to evaluate the effects of their interaction on bladder cancer development. Sixty-seven bladder cancer and 67 age- and sex-matched non-cancer patients hospitalized in Chungbuk National University Hospital from March to December 1996, are the subjects of this case-control study. Questionnaire interview was done and the genotypes of NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 were identified using PCR methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. The effects of the polymorphism of NAT2 and GSTM1 and their interaction on bladder cancer were statistically tested after controlling the other risk factors. The frequencies of slow, intermediate, and rapid acetylators were 3.0%, 38.8%, and 58.2% to. the cases, and 7.6%, 40.9%, and 51.5% for the controls, respectively. The risk of bladder cancer was not associated with the increase of NAT2 activity($\chi^2_{trend}=1.18$, P-value>0.05). GSTM1 was deleted in 68.7% of the cases and 49.3% of the controls ($\chi^2=5.21$, P-value<0.05), and the odds ratio (95% CI) was 2.23 (1.12 - 4.56). GSTT1 deletion, the .ate of which were 26.9% for the bladder cancer patients and 43.3% for the controls, was a significant protective factor against bladder cancer. Smoking history turned out to be insignificant as a risk factor of bladder cancer (OR=1.85, 95% CI: 0.85 - 4.03), and occupation could not be tested because of the extremely small number of occupational history related to the increase of bladder cancer. In multiple logistic analysis controlling the effects of other risk factors, GSTM1 deletion was the only significant risk factor for bladder cancer (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.22-5.36, P-value<0.05), but slow acetylation and GSTT1 deletion were not. These results suggest that GSTM1 deletion may be a significant risk factor of bladder cancer. Since there have been much debates on causal relationship between slow acetylation and GSTT1 deletion, and bladder cancer, further studies are needed.

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A Study of Electrolyte Excretion and Salt Intake in a Rural Community (일부 농촌지역 주민의 요중 전해질 측정을 통한 식염 섭취량 추정과 고혈압과의 관계 연구)

  • Moon, Joung-Joo;Ham, Sun-Hee;Choi, Kyoung-Ae;Yook, Mi-Ee;Chai, Young-Hee;Kim, Ki-Soon
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.24 no.1 s.33
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    • pp.8-15
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    • 1991
  • This study was carried out in order to examine the urinary excretion of electrolytes (Na, K) and their relationship with blood pressure, and to estimate the amount of daily salt intake in a rural community. From January to March in 1987, a mobile screeing team visited 40 villages, and carried out health screening of 537 adult volunteers whose age were over 30 years and collected 12-hours overnight urine. To determine the completeness of collection, the urinary creatinine was measured. If the creatinine excretion was beyond the range given to the age group, the sample was excluded from the analysis as an incomplete collection : 345 samples were remained for analysis. This study revealed the following results. 1. The mean excretion amounts of urinary electrolytes for 12 hours were Na 193.5 mEq, K 20.8 mEq, creatinine 1.0 g. The mean ratio of electrolytes were Na/K 9.84, Na/creatinine 0.44, K/creatinine 0.046. 2. Both the mean excretion amount of K and the mean ratio of K/creatinine were less in hypertensives than in normotensives. K excretion also showed a tendency towards a decrease in inverse proportion to systolic blood pressure when it exceeded 120 mmHg. There was no significant difference between the hypertensives and normotensives in Na excretion. The sodium to potassium ratio increased in poportion to systolic blood pressure. 3. The mean daily salt excretion amount was 22.4 g. Assuming that 90% of the intake was excreted, the estimated amount of daily salt intake was 24.9 g.

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