• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1969

In this experiment, the litters of each five species of neadle-leaf trees and broad-leaf trees were laid on each pot soils, which had same soil conditions, is the green house and the sil fertility of each pots were determined after four years. Chemical properties among each pot soils under litters of needle-laef trees showed remarkable different values in the pH, base exchange capacity, total exchangeable base, base saturation, organic matter, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and calcium, and that of broad-leaf trees showed respectively significant difference. The content of chemical components, such as total exchangeable base, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchanbeable potassium, between pot soils under litters of the needle-leaf trees and the broad-leaf trees were significant at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels of the statistical probability. The fertility of soil under the influence of decayed fallen leaves is the highest value in the posts of broad-leaves and next to the pots of needle-leaves and the control pots the lowest. The pH value of the soil with various kinds of fallen leaves showed little difference among themselves, but it especially approached in the broad leaves plots gradually to neutral and hte non-treated plot showed acidity. Lespedeza bicolar and Castanea crenata are supposed to contribute to the fertility of soil. Pinus rigida showed excellent exchanged properties of soi. The leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus koraiensis did not contribute much to the promotion of fertility of soil.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1995

The variations of the soil texture, $SiO_2$ /$Al_2$$O_3$ ratio, buffer action, exchangeable base, ex-changeable hydrogen, and mineral nutrients were investigated to estimate the grade of the soil fertility of the soil derived from the different parent rocks such as the granite in Kwangnung and the basalt in Chejudo. The results investigated were showed as follows : Basalt soils in Chejudo belong to sandy clay, light clay and sandy clay loam, while gramite soils in Kwangnung sandy loam. The $SiO_2$ /$AI_2$$O_3$ ratio of the grassland in Chejudo was 1.11 and that of the oak forest soils was 1.24, while granite soils in Kwangnung 1.54 and 1.46, respectively. The buffer actions of ba-salt soils against the N /10 HCI and $Ca(OH)_2$ were stronger than those of granite soils. The $SiO_2$/$Al_2$$O_3$ + $Fe_2$$O_3$ ratios of grassland and oak forest soils of basalt in Chejudo showed 1.10 and 1.24 respectively, while those of the grassland and oak forest of Kwangnung 1.44 and 1.33. The base exchange capacity of basalt soils which has higher value of exchangeable hydrogen was stronger than that of granite soils. But the base saturation of granite soils showed higher value than that of basalt soils. Water contents of basalt soils in Chejudo was lower than that of granite soils fo Kwangnung Basalt soils in Chejudo contain still more humus and total nitrogen than gran-ite soils in kwangnung, The amount of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium of granite soils were more than that of basalt soils, Therefore, estimating the soil fertility, granite soils in Kwangnung is higher than that of basalt soils in Chejudo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1984

Correlation study was conducted to establish the optimum test level of soil improvement for good growth of corn from the relationships between the corn yield and soil chemical properties in 16 farmers' demonstration fields. Significant positive correlations between the corn yield and soil chemical properties ; pH, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity. available silica, and base saturation percentage were showed but organic matter and nitrogen content were not. The proper nutrient contents in soil for expecting corn yield, 1.000kg/10a could be estimated as pH 5.6, available phosphorus 327ppm, exchangeable potassium 0.39me/100g, exchangeable calcium 5.5me/100g, exchangeable magnesium 1.3me/100g, cation exchange capacity 11.5me/100g, available silica 116ppm, base saturation percentage 58 from the relationships between the corn yield and soil chemical properties. Exchangeable aluminium were negatively correlated with not only corn yield but also pH, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and exchangeable calcium.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.533-541
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to grasp what characterizes the vegetation base of the natural forest as a latent vegetation in the middle region of Korea and thus to offer basic data when improving the vegetation base in the middle region being built or to be built in the future. The findings of this soil section survey show the following: The soil is brown to red color soil group on the whole. In addition, the soil's physical features like soil hardness are rated as high level, which results from the fact that the forest soil exits in its natural form under less influence of stamping. The pH of soil shows a weak acidity, like Korean normal soil. Specific electrical conductance is also rated as middle to high level in accordance with the standards of landscape architecture. The Salix koreensis community and the Pinus rigida community are different from other communities in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable $K^+$ content. Specifically, the two communities are opposed to each other in terms of total nitrogen and available phosphate, while being similar to each other in terms of available phosphate and exchangeable $K^+$ content. This seems to result from the fact that they are located near each other. In addition, the two communities are characterized by the fact that they are distributed at the altitude mean relatively lowest and in the valley. To sum up, the forest soil around Goesan Gun is of middle level on the whole according to the landscape standards, when judging it in terms of vegetation base. Accordingly, it seems that the construction of the vegetation base around Goesan Gun will not require large investment expenses for soil improvement. Also, it seems that the spatial scope of research is needed to expand the basic data on the construction of the vegetation base for the whole middle region of Korea.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1964

Cha, Jong Whan (Dept. of Biology, Graduate School, Dong Kuk Univ.) The changes of chemical properties of forest soils in dry and wet seasons. Kor. Jour. Bot. VII(2): 1-8, 1964. Soil selected for the present investigation was collected from a mountain of the Forestry Experiment Station of the vicinity of Seoul. The forest communities studied were three forest and a unplanted soils. The soil samples were obtained from each forest type during dry and wet seasons. And these samples were collected from four horizons of all communities respectively. It was showed that exchangeable hydrogen was increased by rainfall, and total exchangeable base decreased in the same way. The content of nitrogen is washed away by rainfall, especially ammonium nitrogen was highly significant between dry and wet season. On the contrary, organic matter and available phosphorus were of no significant difference between dry and wet seasons. The values of pH appeared a different response in dry and wet seasons according to the plant communities. The needle-leaved forest soils showed more acidity than the broad-leaved forest soils, and the least acidity in open places. All nutrients in soil studied gradually decreased down the profiles. According to statistical analyses of the soil components among all soil horizons, total exchangeable bases in wet season indicated only significant at 1%. Exchangeable hydrogen and organic matter of the soil in dry season was particularly very low with increased depth in the profile. The fertility level of most forested soils selected for the present investigation is low according to chemical tests for available nutrient elements.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2021

The importance of forests and trees in climate change mitigation and soil nutrient cycling cannot be overemphasized. This study assessed the above-ground carbon stock of two exotic and two indigenous tree species - Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Khaya grandifoliola and Nauclea diderrichii and their litter impact on soil nutrient content of an arboretum within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Data were collected from equal sample plots from the four species' compartments. Tree growth variables including total height, diameter at breast height, crown height, crown diameter and merchantable height were measured for the estimation of above-ground carbon stock. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm from each compartment and analyzed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, pH, Manganese, Iron, Copper and Zinc. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference (p<0.05) in the carbon contents of the four species and the soil nutrient contents of the different species' compartments. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationships between the carbon contents, growth parameters and soil parameters. The highest and lowest carbon stock per hectare was observed for G. arborea (151.52 t.ha^-1) and K. grandifoliola (45.45 t.ha^-1) respectively. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and K. grandifoliola respectively. The pH was highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and T. grandis respectively. Carbon stock correlated positively with dbh, crown diameter, merchantable height and Zn and negatively with base saturation. The study revealed that G. arborea and N. diderrichii can effectively be used for reforestation and afforestation programmes aimed at climate change mitigation across Nigeria. Therefore, policies to encourage and enhance their planting should be encouraged.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.400-406
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of simulated acid rain on the change in soil chemical properties, simulated acid rain of different pH was applied to the three soils of different texture. Simulated acid rain of pH 4.0 and 6.0 did not greatly change the soil pH, while simulated acid rain of pH 2.0 decreased greatly the soil pH. Decrease in soil pH were in the order of sandy loam > loam > clay loam, while increase in exchangeable acidity was in the order of clay loam > loam > sandy loam. Amount of nutrients leached downward due to the penetration of simulated acid rain into the soil was in the order of Ca > K > Mg. Exchangeable Al was not detected when soil acidity dropped to pH 5 and exchangeable acidity increased within a range of CEC. A total 1200mm of simulated acid rain(pH 3.0) can load $12kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $H^+$ ion, $128kg\;ha^{-1}$ of sulfur, $56kg\;ha^{-1}$ of nitrogen. The acidity of simulated acid rain pH 3.0 can be neutralized by addition of $444kg\;ha^{-1}$ of slaked lime. The amount of leached bases were equivalent to 923, 1731 and $1608kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ in sandy loam, loam and clay loam soil respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1984

Soils in Cheju Island, derived mostly from volcanic ashes, were collected for chemical analysis to determine the effect of land utilization pattern on soil chemical characteristics. The coastal area has long been used for intensive farming and some of the mid-mountain region were recently reclaimed for agricultural crop production. The cation exchange capacity and the organic matter in the soils increased in the order of coastal area < mid-mountain belt < upper mountain area, while pH, base saturation, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases decreased with the elevation. Generally, the organic matter, the cation exchange capacity and the exchangeable bases of the Cheju soils were found to be considerably higher than the Korean mainland soils. However, the base saturation and the available phosphorus were far below the mainland average. The ratio of monovalent basic cations to total exchangeable bases showed the highest in the soils of the mountain belts and the lowest in the coastal area soils. These data suggest that a higher soil pH in the coastal area as compared to the mountainous slopes has resulted not from the sea water but from continuous application of alkaline fertilizers and times.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain reasonable management method of salt-affected soil for ecological restoration in the reclaimed land. Chemical properties of reclaimed soil was investigated base on reclamation years. Ionic acitivity in soil and satruration extract were analyzed to estimate the effect of salt interception by planting ground treatment. The soil porperties of reclaimed land was saline-sodic soil with $11.3dSm^{-1}$ of electrical conductivity, 34.8% of exchangeable sodium percent in first reclamation year. Electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable chlorine were remarkedly decreased during six years after reclamation but chemical properties of reclaimed soil was unsuitable status for tree growth. Exchangeable sodium perecnt was higher in the neighborhood parks and street tree sites than in the buffer green spaces and was higher in subsoil than in topsoil of profile in all sites. Content of soduim, chloride and sulfate in saturation extract were more than other ions. Content of soduim and chloride were higher in the neighborhood parks and street tree sites than in the buffer green spaces and were higher in subsoil than in topsoil. Content of calcium plus magnesium of soil was higher in the buffer green space than in the neighborhood park and street tree but content of calcium and magnesium in saturation extract were higher, as result from exchangeable sodium, in the neighborhood parks and street tree sites than in the buffer green spaces. Concentration of salt in soil showed the difference with mounding height and planting ground treatment. The lowest concentration of salt appeared in buffer green spaces and street tree sites was the highest. Salt interception by mounding height in the same planting ground treatment was more effective 120cm of mounding height than 70cm of mounding height.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.144-150
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• 2006

Chemical characteristics and their interrelationships of 156 soils included by 74 sandy loam and 82 loam soils collected from plastic film house in Chungbuk area were investigated from 1998 to 2001. Seventeen chemical properties including pH, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations, CEC, etc., were analyzed by correlation, standardized partial regression coefficient, and principal factor analysis. Standardized partial regression coefficients of chemical properties were estimated to determine the degree of contribution of EC and OM contents in soils. Principal factor analysis was applied to classify the studied chemical properties into different groups having similar chemical properties. The pH of experimental soils ranged from 4.24 to 7.14 and 4.95 to 7.35 for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. The EC of soils varied from 0.93 to $15.65dS\;m^{-1}$ for loam and $0.91{\sim}22.30dS\;m^{-1}$ for sandy loam soils, respectively with significant differences among them. The EC measured by 1:5 $H_2O$ dilution method and saturation method were significantly related with 8.163 and 8.599 as the slopes of regression equation for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. These slopes more than 8.0 in this regression equation was higher than the slope of 5.0 that is estimated from dilution coefficient suggesting that EC measured by 1:5 dilution method might be erratic. The standardized partial regression coefficient of different chemical properties for the estimation of EC was in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > OM > exchangeable Mg for loam soils and $NO_3{^-}$ > exchangeable Mg > $Cl^-$ for sandy loam soils. Contribution order of the chemical properties based on standardized partial regression coefficient differed 1:5 dilution method and saturation method, indicating that different chemical compounds might be present in the extract solutions of these two methods. Consequently the measurement of EC by saturation method was thought be still better for estimation of chemical property because accuracy of EC measurement by 1:5 dilution method can't be improved by any specific coefficient for adjustment of EC. Regardless of differences in soil textures and extraction methods, correlation coefficients between EC and the other chemical properties were routinely in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > degree of base saturation > exchangeable Mg > exchangeable Ca > $SO{_4}^{2-}$. The principal factor analysis revealed four factor groups of the chemical properties studied. The groups for sandy loam were as follows; ; 1. salt components, 2. soil reaction components, 3. fixed and adsorption components, 4. CEC components. The groupings of loam soils were similar to sandy loam except that exchangeable Na substituted the CEC of sandy loam.