• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.530-533
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• 2010

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) holds great promise of clean power. However, in practical applications which use the PEMFC as the power source, the output voltage from the fuel cell undergoes a transient response especially during acceleration and deceleration. This paper presents the relationships between the charge curves of the internal voltage rise, discharge curves of the internal voltage drop, the voltage with a time constant $V_{\tau}$ and finally, the load and time constant $\tau$ of $FC_1$ and $FC_2$, connected both in series and in parallel.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.111-124
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• 2003

This study tries to analyse the relationship between sexual attitudes and behaviors on the one hand and parent-child relationships on the other among college students in Korea. 1,237 students from different areas were surveyed. Sexual attitudes are subdivided into four aspects, namely, permissiveness, instrumentality, emotional exchange, and responsibility, and sexual behaviors into indirect and direct ones. Results are as follow. First, sexual attitudes and behaviors among the subjects are found being different, depending on such variables as sex, religion and dating experiences. Secondly, while being related with both indirect and direct sexual behaviors, the variable of co-residence with parents is significantly related with the aspect of permissiveness, but not with the other three aspects. Thirdly, the parent-child communication is significantly related with sexual attitudes. One who has an open pattern of communication with parents tends to have more desirable sexual attitudes and is better able to control sexual behaviors.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2014

Purpose - The oil price affects company value, which is the present value of the expected cash flow, by affecting the discount rate and cash flow. This study examines the nonlinear relationships between oil price and stock price using the AlphaShares Chinese Volatility Index as the threshold. Research design, data, and methodology - Data comprise daily closing values of the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index, Shenzhen Stock Exchange Composite Index, and Hang Seng Index of ChinaWest Texas Intermediate crude oil spot price and AlphaShares Chinese Volatility Index from May 25, 2007 to May 24, 2012. The Threshold Error Correction Model is used. Results - The results demonstrate different relationships between the stock price index and oil price under different investor sentiments; however, the stock price index and oil price could adjust to a long-term equilibrium the long-term causality tests between them were all significant. Conclusions - The relationship between the WTI and HANG SENG Index is more significant than the Shanghai Composites Index and Shenzhen Composite Index, when using the AlphaShares Chinese Volatility Index (ASC-VIX) as the investor sentiment variable and threshold.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2005

This paper proposes an object-oriented conceptual information model of mechanical assemblies, named open assembly model (OAM). The proposed assembly model primarily defines hierarchical relationships between parts and subassemblies. Together with the assembly hierarchy. the model also provides a way to represent tolerances, kinematic information, and parametric assembly constraints. Relational information such as mating conditions and degree of freedom between parts and subassemblies is captured via assembly features and relationships thereof. The information model is described using class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and instance diagrams are used to exemplify the proposed information model. The conceptual model presented in this paper is an integrated information model for assembly representation, which could supply necessary information for tolerance analysis and synthesis, kinematic simulation, and assembly simulation. Such a conceptual information model plays an important role for the exchange of information between modeling, analysis and planning systems. Hence, the proposed model could serve as a framework for developing data exchange standards of mechanical assemblies. The proposed model is demonstrated through a case study of a planetary gear assembly.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2003

The soil -air exchange processes of CH$_4$ were investigated in Hari district of Kang Hwa Island, Korea during the late April 2002. In the course of our field experiments, we measured the concentration, concentration gradients (between two different heights of 1 and 5 m), and the fluxes of CH$_4$ using the surface layer gradient microm-eteorological methods. If the relationships between CH$_4$ fluxes and the relevant environmental parameters are examined, CH$_4$ fluxes were found to be affected most significantly by parameters like wind speed. The results of our study indicate that the study area behaved as a net source of CH$_4$ to the atmosphere with a net daily emission rate of 3.6 mg m￣$^2$ The findings of relatively low exchange rate observed at our study site suggest that the rice paddy area investigated prior to planting period can behave as a moderate source of methane.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 2021

This research aims to confirm if the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on existing sectors, and how that affects the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) market returns. The research method used is an event study employing market models in nine sectors of the Exchange with purposive sampling technique, and supported by Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. Based on the calculation of abnormal returns in the period of 30 days before up to 30 days after, the financial property, real estate, and construction sector results show a decreased abnormal return value. The infrastructure, utilities, and transportation sectors also show an abnormal return value that tends to be constant, while the abnormal return value increases in other sectors. Judging from the cumulative value of abnormal returns, the most affected sector is financials, followed by the trade, service, and investment sectors. The consumer goods and mining industry sectors are still optimistic, while other sectors show temporary negative sentiment. Overall, the stocks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with a cumulative negative value of the average abnormal return sample. The results using OLS regression also strengthen the relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic, and negative and significant market returns.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.108-127
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• 2021

Purpose - On the basis of knowledge transfer theory, we empirically explored how three types of human resource (HR) innovation knowledge exchange within a Chaebol drive the global subsidiary performance of the headquarters (HQ) of a Chaebol's globally affiliated companies. Design/methodology - Using a sample of 176 Korean HQ firms of the top 53 Chaebols and 1,061 of their foreign manufacturing subsidiaries (n = 1,061), we tested the relationship between the exchange of explorative and exploitative sustainable HR innovation knowledge among HQ firms of Chaebols, their subsequent transfer of technical HR knowledge via technical schemas, and the subsequent impact on the global subsidiary performance. Findings - The Chaebols' decisions about the three strategic knowledge management options (i.e., the degree of exchange of explorative and exploitative technological HR innovation knowledge and the extent of HQ-subsidiary HR knowledge transfer) have highly significant relationships with the global subsidiary performance. The results help explains the conditions under which the explorative versus exchange of exploitative sustainable HR innovation knowledge pays off by showing the moderating role of the degree of HQ-to-subsidiary technical HR knowledge transfer, at least in the case of the Chaebol as one representative type of the emerging-market business groups. Originality/value - As the first of its kind in the field of sustainable HR innovation knowledge management at the business group level, the present study makes a clear contribution in demonstrating how the performance of Chaebols' manufacturing subsidiaries depends greatly on their strategy for management of knowledge, as reflected in the choices they make about sharing both explorative and exploitative sustainable HR innovation knowledge among HQ firms and the subsequent transfer of HQ's sustainable HR innovation knowledge to the foreign subsidiaries.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-132
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• 2008

Metal industry is one of the most representative heavy industries and the median sales volume of steel and nonferrous metal companies is over one billion dollars in the case America [Forbes 2006]. As seen in the recent business market situation, an increasing number of industrial manufacturers and suppliers are moving from adversarial to cooperative exchange attitudes that support the long-term relationships with their customers. This article presents the results of an empirical study of the antecedent factors of business relationships in metal industry of the United States. Commitment has been reviewed as a significant and critical variable in research on inter-organizational relationships (Hong et al. 2007, Kim et al. 2007). The future stability of any buyer-seller relationship depends upon the commitment made by the interactants to their relationship. Commitment, according to Dwyer et al. [1987], refers to "an implicit or explicit pledge of relational continuity between exchange partners" and they consider commitment to be the most advanced phase of buyer-seller exchange relationship. Bonds are made because the members need their partners in order to do something and this integration on a task basis can be either symbiotic or cooperative (Svensson 2008). To the extent that members seek the same or mutually supporting ends, there will be strong bonds among them. In other words, the principle that affects the strength of bonds is 'economy of decision making' [Turner 1970]. These bonds provide an important idea to study the causes of business long-term relationships in a sense that organizations can be mutually bonded by a common interest in the economic matters. Recently, the framework of structural bonding has been used to study the buyer-seller relationships in industrial marketing [Han and Sung 2008, Williams et al. 1998, Wilson 1995] in that this structural bonding is a crucial part of the theoretical justification for distinguishing discrete transactions from ongoing long-term relationships. The major antecedent factors of buyer commitment such as technology, CLalt, transaction-specific assets, and importance were identified and explored from the perspective of structural bonding. Research hypotheses were developed and tested by using survey data from the middle managers in the metal industry. H1: Level of technology of the relationship partner is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H2: Comparison level of alternatives is negatively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H3: Amount of the transaction-specific assets is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H4: Importance of the relationship partner is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H5: Level of structural bonding is positively related to the level of commitment to the relationship. To examine the major antecedent factors of industrial buyer's structural bonding and long-term relationship, questionnaire was prepared, mailed out to the sample of 400 purchasing managers of the US metal industry (SIC codes 33 and 34). After a follow-up request, 139 informants returnedthe questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 35 percent. 134 responses were used in the final analysis after dropping 5 incomplete questionnaires. All measures were analyzed for reliability and validity following the guidelines offered by Churchill [1979] and Anderson and Gerbing [1988]., the results of fitting the model to the data indicated that the hypothesized model provides a good fit to the data. Goodness-of-fit index (GFI = 0.94) and other indices ( chi-square = 78.02 with p-value = 0.13, Adjusted GFI = 0.90, Normed Fit Index = 0.92) indicated that a major proportion of variances and covariances in the data was accounted for by the model as a whole, and all the parameter estimates showed statistical significance as evidenced by large t-values. All the factor loadings were significantly different from zero. On these grounds we judged the hypothesized model to be a reasonable representation of the data. The results from the present study suggest several implications for buyer-seller relationships. Theoretically, we attempted to conceptualize the antecedent factors of buyer-seller long-term relationships from the perspective of structural bondingin metal industry. The four underlying determinants (i.e. technology, CLalt, transaction-specific assets, and importance) of structural bonding are very critical variables of buyer-seller long-term business relationships. Our model of structural bonding makes an attempt to systematically examine the relationship between the antecedent factors of structural bonding and long-term commitment. Managerially, this research provides industrial purchasing managers with a good framework to assess the interaction processes with their partners and, ability to position their business relationships from the perspective of structural bonding. In other words, based on those underlying variables, industrial purchasing managers can determine the strength of the company's relationships with the key suppliers and its state of preparation to be a successful partner with those suppliers. Both the supplying and customer companies can also benefit by using the concept of 'structural bonding' and evaluating their relationships with key business partners from the structural point of view. In general, the results indicate that structural bonding gives a critical impact on the level of relationship commitment. Managerial implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.35-56
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• 2014

This study examined the effect of perceived risk, an under-explored area in the knowledge sharing literature. We proposed that employee perceptions of risk relate positively with their knowledge sharing behaviors (donating and collecting), and examined the mediating role of impression management strategies in the hypothesized relationships. We also explored the moderating effect of leader-member exchange (LMX) in the relationship between perceived risk and impression management strategies. Valid and reliable self-report and supervisory evaluation measures were collected from a sample of 251 railroad employees in safety-sensitive positions. The results indicate that perceived risk was not significantly associated with knowledge sharing, but rather the risk perception impacts were indirect through impression management strategies such as exemplification and supplication. The study also found that LMX has no moderating effect on the perceived risk and impression management strategies. In discussing these results, we present significant insights in terms of subjective risk judgment as a potential mechanism which can encourage organizational politics.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 1993

This study presents the rationale for the development of the Comparison Level Scale(CLS) and the Comparison Level for Alternatives Scale(CLAS). Data from 130 married women who live in the U.S.A. suggest that the CLS and the CLAS are internally consistent and unidimensional. The CLS and the CLAS are based on exchange theory perspectives, particularly, Thibaut and Kelley's theory, on evaluating an individual's comparative processes. The scales provide explanatory as well as descriptive power concerning evaluating an intimate relationship.