• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2016

본 연구는 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자에서 로봇 보조치료법이 운동능력 및 기능적인 회복에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 환자 53명이 연구에 참여하였다. 로봇보조 보행치료군은 고식적인 치료에 추가로 Lokomat$^{(R)}$ 이용하여 하루에 삼십분씩, 일주일에 5회, 4주 동안 시행하였으며, 대조군은 고식적인 치료에 추가로 하루에 삼십분씩 고식적인 치료를 시행 받았다. 모든 환자들은 임상지표의 비교를 위해, 치료 전과 4주간의 치료 후 Fugl-Meyer assessment, Motricity index, functional ambulation category, Berg balance scale, 10m 보행검사, 한국판 수정 바델지수, 한국판 간이 정신 상태검사와 벡 우울증 척도를 평가 받았다. 환자들은 기능회복과 체성 감각 유발전위 검사 결과의 관계를 알아보기 위해 유발 전위 검사를 시행하였다. 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자에서 로봇 보조 보행치료군에서 대조군에 비해 하지의 운동기능, 보행 능력, 일상생활능력의 유의한 호전이 나타났다. 체성 감각 유발 전위 검사의 결과는 임상 지표들의 관련성 분석에서 Motricity index와 한국판 수정 바델지수와 관련이 있는 것으로 나타나 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 기능을 예측하는데 유용할 것으로 생각된다. 로봇 보조 보행치료는 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 운동기능과 보행기능의 회복을 촉진하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

1. Objective There has been a few trials to diagnose Sasang Constitution by using EEG, but has not been studied intensively. For the purpose of practical diagnosis, the characteristics of EEG for each constitution should be studied first. Recently it has been shown that Sasang Constitution might be related to harm avoidance and novelty seeking in temperament and character profiles. Based on this finding, we propose a visual stimulation method to evoke a EEG response which may discriminate difference between constitutional groups. Through the experiment with this method, we tried to reveal the characteristics of EEG of each constitutional groups by the method of event-related potentials. 2. Methods: We used facial visual stimulation to verify the characteristics of EEG for each constitutional groups. To reveal characteristic in sensitivity and latency of response, we added several levels of noise to facial images. 6 male subjects(2 Taeeumin, 2 Soyangin, 2 Soeumin) participated in this study. All subjects are healthy 20's. To remove artifacts and slow modulation, we removed EOG contaminated data and renormalization is applied. To extract stimulation related components, normalized event-related potential method was used. 3. Results: From Oz channels, it is verified that facial image processing components are extracted. For lower level noise, components related to the visual stimulation were clearly shown in Oz, Pz, and Cz channels. Pz and Cz channels show differences among 3 constitutional groups in maximum around 200 msec. Especially moderate level of noise looks appropriate for diagnosis. 4. Conclusion: We verified that the visual stimulation with facial emotion might be a good candidate to evoke the differences between constitutional groups in EEG response. The differences shown in the experiment may imply that the process of emotion has distinct tendencies in latencies and sensitivity for each consitutional group. And this distinction might be related to the temperament profile of consitutional groups.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2014

목 적: 세로토닌 활성도와 척도를 이용하여 세로토닌과 수면, 세로토닌과 자살 사고, 자살과 수면과의 상호 관련성을 평가하려고 하였다. 방 법: 주요우울증으로 진단된 65명을 대상으로 선택적 세로토닌 재흡수 억제제를 투여 받기 전 우울증의 심각도, 수면 양상, 자살 사고 정도를 평가하고 소리 자극과 뇌파를 이용하여 세로토닌 활성도 수치를 측정하였다. 결 과: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 중 불면 척도를 기준으로 두 군으로 나누어 비교한 결과 불면증이 있는 군은 없는 군에 비해 총 BDI 점수와 BDI 중 자살 항목 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 하지만 두 군 간의 세로토닌 활성도에서 유의한 차이는 없었다. 자살 시도 과거력이 있는 군과 자살 시도 과거력이 없는 군으로 나누어 비교한 결과 자살 시도군이 비시도군보다 BDI 중 자살 항목 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 또한 세로토닌 활성도는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 자살 시도군에서 세로토닌 활성도가 더 낮은 경향성을 보였다. 결 론: 현재까지의 연구로는 자살, 수면, 세로토닌 모두가 서로 연관되어 있을 것이라는 가설은 아직까지 유효한 것 같다. 하지만 이러한 가설을 보다 명확하게 증명하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1986

The sufficient myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$ to react with the contractile proteins is necessary to induce contraction of a cardiac muscle. These $Ca^{++}$ for the production of muscle contraction are supplied from the three recognized $Ca^{++}$ sources; internal $Ca^{++}$ release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), $Ca^{++}$ influx through a gated Ca-channel in the membrane as a Isi, and $Ca^{++}$ transport by the mechanism of Na/ca exchange. However, it is still controversial which $Ca^{++}$ sources act as a main contributor for myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$, Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the $Ca^{++}$ sources for the contraction of frog ventricle. There is evidence that the SR is sparse in frog ventricular fibers, and that T-tubules are absent. Isolated ventricular strips of frog, Rana nigromaculata, were used in this experiment. Isometric tension was recorded by force transducer, and membrane potentials of ventricular muscles were measured through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of $30{\pm}50M{\Omega}$. All experiments were performed at room temperature in a tris·buffered Ringer solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$. Isotonic high K, low Na solution was used to induce K-contracture, K-contracture appeared at the concentration of 20 to 30mM-KCI and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in KCI concentration. The contracture had two components: an initial rapid phasic and a subsequent slow tonic contractile responses. Membrane Potentials measured at normal Ringer solution(2.5mM KCI) was -90 to -100 mV, and decreased linearly as the KCI concentration increased; -55mV at 20mM.KCI, -45mV at 30 mM.KCI, -30 mY at 50 mM.KCI, and -12 mV at 100 mM.KCI. K-contracture was evoked firstly at the membrane potential of -45 mV. The contracture was potentiated by the increase of bathing extracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. However, in the absence of $Ca^{++}$ the contracture was almost not induced by 50 mM.KCI solution. Caffeine(20mM) in normal Ringer solution, which is known to release $Ca^{++}$ from SR without substantial effects on the $Ca^{++}$ fluxes across the surface membrane, did not affect membrane potential and also not initiate contracture, but the caffeine in 20 mM-KCI Ringer solution produced a contracture. Above results suggest that the main $Ca^{++}$ source for the K·contracture of frog ventricle is $Ca^{++}$ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and that in the K-contracture at the concentration of 100 mM-KCI, the mechanism of Na/ca exchange also partly contributs, in addition to the $Ca^{++}$ influx.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2017

Inhibition of $K^+$ outward currents by linopirdine in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of circling mice (homozygous (cir/cir) mice), an animal model for human deafness (DFNB6 type), was investigated using a whole cell patch clamp technique. Littermate heterozygous (+/cir) and ICR mice of the same age (postnatal day (P) 0 -P6) were used as controls. Voltage steps from -100 mV to 40 mV elicited small inward currents (-100 mV~-70 mV) and slow rising $K^+$ outward currents (-60 mV~40 mV) which activated near -50 mV in all OHCs tested. Linopirdine, a known blocker of $K^+$ currents activated at negative potentials ($I_{K,n}$), did cause inhibition at varying degree (severe, moderate, mild) in $K^+$ outward currents of heterozygous (+/cir) or homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs in the concentration range between 1 and $100{\mu}m$, while it was apparent only in one ICR mice OHC out of nine OHCs at $100{\mu}m$. Although the half inhibition concentrations in heterozygous (+/cir) or homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs were close to those reported in $I_{K,n}$, biophysical and pharmacological properties of $K^+$ outward currents, such as the activation close to -50 mV, small inward currents evoked by hyperpolarizing steps and TEA sensitivity, were not in line with $I_{K,n}$ reported in other tissues. Our results show that the delayed rectifier type $K^+$ outward currents, which are not similar to $I_{K,n}$ with respect to biophysical and pharmacological properties, are inhibited by linopirdine in the developing (P0~P6) homozygous (cir/cir) or heterozygous (+/cir) mice OHCs.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Since Hans Berger reported the first paper on the human electroencephalogram in 1920s, huge technological advance have made it possible to use a number of electrophysiological approaches to neurological diagnosis in clinical neurology. In majority of the neurology training hospitals they have facilities of electroencephalography(EEG), electromyography(EMG), evoked potentials(EP), polysomnography(PSG), electronystagmography(ENG) and, transcranial doppler(TCD) ete. Clinicials and electrophysiologists should understand the technologic characteristics and general applications of each electrophysiological studies to get useful informations with using them in clinics. It is generally agreed that items of these tests are selected under the clinical examination, the tests are performed by the experts, and the test results are interpretated under the clinical background. Otherwise these tests are sometimes useless and lead clinicians to misunderstand the lesion site, the nature of disease, or the disease course. In this sense the clinical utility of neurophysiological tests could be summerized in the followings. First, the abnormal functioning of the nervous system and its environments can be demonstrated when the history and neurological examinations are equivocal. Second, the presence of clinically unsuspected malfunction in the nervous system can be revealed by those tests. Finally the objective changes can be monitored over time in the patient's status. Also intraoperative monitoring technique becomes one of the important procedures when the major operations in the posterior fossa or in the spinal cord are performed. In 1996, the Korean Society for Clinical Neurophysiology(KSCN) was founded with the hope that it will provide the members with the comfortable place for discussing their clinical and academic experience, exchanging new informations, and learning new techniques of the neurophysiological tests. The KSCN could collaborate with the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology(IFCN) to improve the level of the clinical neurophysiologic field in Korea as will as in Asian region.1 In this paper the clinical neurophysiological tests which are commonly used in clinical neurology and which will be delt with and educated by the KSCN in the future will be discussed briefly in order of EEG, EMG, EP, PSG, TCD, ENG, and Intraoperative monitoring.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.108-115
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• 1997

The alcoholic neuropathies developed in approximately 34% of chronic alcoholics and the sexual dysfunction had been experienced in 8-54% of male alcoholics(Schiavi 1990). The aims of this study were to identify the prevalence of subclinical polyneuropathies and sexual disorders in alcohol dependence, and to evaluate the association between them. The nerve conduction velocity(NCV), electromyography(EMG), and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials(SEPs) were tested for the male alcoholics(N=34) and controls(N=17 for NCV & EMG, N=25 for pudendal SEPs). The pudendal SEPs were measured by the following procedures, in which we stimulated the dorsal nerve of penis attached by the ring electrode(stimulus intensity, three times of threshold : stimulus rate, 1-4.7Hz : stimulus duration, 0.1 or 0.2msec), and recorded at the scalp(active electrode, 2cm behind Cz : reference electrode, Fz). The NCV and EMG detected signs of peripheral neuropathies in 79.4% of alcoholics. Among the alcoholics, 64.7% were abnormal on the pudendal SEPs. Among the alcoholics who revealed abnormality on EMG and NCV, 81.4% were abnormal on the pudendal SEPs, in which 51.9% were not responded. The P1 latencies of pudendal SEPs on neuropathic alcoholics were significantly delayed(p<0.05) than non-neuropathic alcoholics. There was a relative correlation between peripheral neuropathies and sexual disorders in the alcoholics. The prevalence of subclinical neuropathies and sexual disorders seemed to be much higher in alcohol dependence than expectation, and these two problems were relatively correlated, and our results suggested that the peripheral polyneuropathies were one of the prerequisites of sexual disorders.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.425-435
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• 1996

The effect of application of dentin bonding agent to the exposed dentin on the intradental nerve activity (INA), dentinal fluid movement and sealing of the dentinal tubules, was investigated in this study. The INA was recorded from the single pulp nerve unit dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve. And specimen of dentin was observed by SEM. Dentinal fluid 'movement through exposed dentin surface was measured before and after the application of dentin bonding agent. 1. Eight Ao-fiber units (conduction velocity: $8.0{\pm}4.0m$/sec) were identified. 4M NaCl evoked an irregular burst of action potentials which ceased immediately after washing. 2. In 4 $A{\delta}$-fiber units, appliction of All Bond 2 completely abolished the INA induced by 4M NaCl. Also, application of Scotchbond Multipurpose(SBMP) totally abolished the INA induced by 4M NaCl in 4 $A{\delta}$-fiber units. 3. Before the application of dentin bonding agent, outward dentinal fluid movement of $10.2{\pm}5.7\;pl{\cdot}s^{-1}{\cdot}mm^{-2}$ was obsered. But after the application of dentin bonding agent the movement of dentinal fluid was stopped. 4. The gap width of 2-$3{\mu}m$ was formed between exposed dentin and adhesive resin in the specimens applied with dentin bonding agents of All Bone 2 and SBMP. But the formation of hybrid layer and the penetration of resin into were dentinal tubules were not clearly observed in interface between dentin and adhesive resin.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2012

Synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) have been studied as mechanisms of ocular dominance plasticity in the rat visual cortex. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) inhibits the induction of LTP and LTD during the critical period of the rat visual cortex (postnatal 3~5 weeks). However, in adult rats, the increase in 5-HT level in the brain by the administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine reinstates ocular dominance plasticity and LTP in the visual cortex. Here, we investigated the effect of 5-HT on the induction of LTP in the visual cortex obtained from 3- to 10-week-old rats. Field potentials in layer 2/3, evoked by the stimulation of underlying layer 4, was potentiated by theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in 3- and 5-weekold rats, then declined to the baseline level with aging to 10 weeks. Whereas 5-HT inhibited the induction of LTP in 5-week-old rats, it reinstated the induction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA)-dependent LTP in 8- and 10-week-old rats. Moreover, the selective SSRI citalopram reinstated LTP. The potentiating effect of 5-HT at 8 weeks of age was mediated by the activation of 5-$HT_2$ receptors, but not by the activation of either 5-$HT_{1A}$ or 5-$HT_3$ receptors. These results suggested that the effect of 5-HT on the induction of LTP switches from inhibitory in young rats to facilitatory in adult rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2000

To learn the developmental changes in intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the second order taste neurons, whole cell recordings from the developing nucleus of the solitary tract neurons were done in brainstem slices of postnatal rats. Rats aged from postnatal 0 to 21 days (P0-P21) were used, being divided into 3 age groups: postnatal first week (P0-P7 days), second week (P8-P14 days), and third week (P15-P21 days). Slices containing gustatory NTS were cut horizontally in the thickness of $300\;{\mu}m.$ Whole cell recordings were obtained from neurons in response to a series of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the rostral NTS (rNTS) neurons were compared among the age groups. Depolarizing current pulses evoked a train of action potentials in all neurons of all age groups. The resting membrane potential and input resistance of the neurons did not show any significant differences during the postnatal 3 weeks. The time constant, however, decreased during the development. Duration of action potential measured at half maximum amplitude was longer in younger age groups. Both the maximum rate of rise and the maximum rate of fall in the action potential increased during the first 3 weeks postnatal. Electrophysiologically more than half neurons were type III. In summary, it is suggested that developmental changes in electrophysiological properties in rNTS occur during the first three weeks in rats.