• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2024

Functional brain imaging techniques have been used to diagnose psychiatric disorders such as dementia, depression, and autism. Recently, these techniques have also been actively used to study hearing loss. The present study reviewed the application of the functional brain imaging techniques in auditory research, especially those focusing on hearing loss, over the past decade. EEG, fMRI, fNIRS, MEG, and PET have been utilized in auditory research, and the number of research studies using these techniques has been increasing. In particular, fMRI and EEG were the most frequently used technique in auditory research. EEG studies mostly used event-related designs to analyze the direct relationship between stimulus and the related response, and in fMRI studies, resting-state functional connectivity and block designs were utilized to analyze alterations in brain functionality in hearing-related areas. In terms of age, while studies involving children mainly focused on congenital and pre- and post-lingual hearing loss to analyze developmental characteristics with and without hearing loss, those involving adults focused on age-related hearing loss to investigate changes in the characteristics of the brain based on the presence of hearing loss and the use of a hearing device. Overall, ranging from EEG to PET, various functional brain imaging techniques have been used in auditory research, but it is difficult to perform a comprehensive analysis due to the lack of consistency in experimental designs, analysis methods, and participant characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to develop standardized research protocols to obtain high-quality clinical and research evidence.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.11-12
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1707-1714
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• 2015

The neural bases underlying within or between-language picture naming was investigated by using event-related fMRI. The present suudy explorered the following two goals: The first is to compare cortical activation areas relevant to naming process in native and foreign language, and to decide whether the activation pattern of the foreign word will be the same as native words or not. The next is to find the cerebral areas involved only in alternating language switching between native and foreign language condition. Differential activation patterns were observed for language switching against one-language. Both naming tasks all activated the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) as expected. However the differences in naming between languages were reflected in the activation amount of the LIFG, namely more activation in naming the native language than the foreign language. Especially, naming of the foreign word from English showed the similar area and size in activation with native language suggesting that the process of borrowed noun resembles that of native common noun. And the language switching between languages newly activated the right middle frontal gyrus as well as the left inferior frontal areas. The right middle frontal gyrus engagement in switching conditions obviously identified that right hemisphere is recruited in code switching possibly with respect to meta-cognition controlling language index at a subconscious level.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.359-386
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• 2010

In order to evaluate the domain-specific model and process-specific model of spatial and nonspatial working memory (WM), this study manipulated the memory load of the delayed response task and examined how the neural correlates of memory load effect was influenced by the stimulus domain (face and location) at the maintenance stage of WM using an event-related fMRI experiment. One or three face stimuli were presented as target stimuli and participants were asked to maintain the face itself (face WM) or the location of face stimuli (spatial WM). The results of recognition judgment accuracy showed no difference between face WM and spatial WM, and showed equivalent memory load effects of both WM. As a result of brian image analysis, memory load effect at maintenance stage showed that inferior, middle, and superior PFC were recruited by both face WM and spatial WM, and showed that VLPFC was the commonly activated area by both WM, supporting functional specialization of PFC by process components of WM. This study provides evidence for process-specific model in which maintenance of WM is associated with VLPFC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.203-207
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 한국사람이 모국어인 한국어 단어를 산출할 때와 외국어인 영어 단어를 산출할 때 관여하는 대뇌 영역을 fMRI 를 통해 조사하였다. 또한, 단일 언어를 산출할 때와 두 언어를 수시로 바꾸어서 인출할 때 관련되는 뇌 영역이 어디인지를 조사하였다. 실험에 참가한 피험자는 외국어를 공식적인 교육을 통해 12 세 근처에서 배우기 시작한 대학생이었다. 흔히 분류하는 방식으로 late learner로 구분되는 학생들이었다. 한 피험자가 세 종류의 실험 모두에 참여하였다. 피험자의 실험과제는 그림을 보고 그림에 해당되는 이름을 인출하여 말하는 과제였다. 실험 1, 2, 3 모두에서 사건관련 fMRI(event-related fMRI) 기법을 사용하였다. 실험 1에서는 그림을 보고 그림 이름에 해당되는 한국어 어휘와 외래어 어휘를 산출하게 하였다. 언어관련 뇌영역인 Wernicke 영역, Broca 영역, SMA 영역, SMG 영역 등에서 유의미한 활성화가 있었다. 실험 2 에서는 실험 1 에서 사용하지 않았던 그림을 사용하여 그림의 영어 이름과 외래어 이름을 인출하게 하였다. 외국어인 영어 단어를 산출할 때에도 모국어 단어를 산출할 때와 유사한 영역이 활성화되었다. 특히 외래어 산출 시에는 뇌 활성화 영역이 모국어와 영어 단어 산출할 때와 모국어 산출할 때 활성화되는 공통 영역이 활성화되었다. 모국어 산출과 영어 단어 산출의 차이점은 외국어 산출 시에 활성화 영역이 전반적으로 더 컸다는 것과 외국어 단어 산출 시에 Broca 영역보다 조금 밑쪽에서 그리고 모국어 단어 산출시에는 전전두엽 영역에서 더 많은 활성화가 있었다. 실험 3 에서도 실험 1 과 실험 2 에 사용하지 않았던 그림을 사용하였다. 실험 3 의 특이한 결과는 언어 switching 이 있는 경우에 전통적인 언어 영역 활성화 외에 전전두엽의 활성화가 컸다는 것이다. 아마도 언어를 바꾸어 가면서 단어를 산출하는 것이 전전두엽의 정보선택과정에 많은 영향을 주었던 것으로 해석된다. 전체적으로 어휘 산출시에 모국어 어휘, 외국어 어휘, 외래어 등을 산출할 때 공통되는 언어 영역과 언어 특성적 영역이 활성화된다고 결론지을 수 있을 것 같다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

Purpose: This event related fMRI study was to further our understanding about how different brain regions could contribute to effective access of specific information stored in long term memory. This experiment has allowed us to determine the brain regions involved in recognition of familiar faces among non familiar faces. Materials and Methods: Twelve right handed normal, healthy volunteer adults participated in face recognition experiment. The paradigm consists of two 40 familiar faces, 40 unfamiliar faces and control base with scrambled faces in a randomized order, with null events. Volunteers were instructed to press on one of two possible buttons of a response box to indicate whether a face was familiar or not. Incorrect answers were ignored. A 1.5T MRI system(GMENS) was employed to evaluate brain activity by using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Gradient Echo EPI sequence with TR/TE= 2250/40 msec was used for 17 contiguous axial slices of 7mm thickness, covering the whole brain volume (240mm Field of view, 64 ${\times}$ 64 in plane resolution). The acquired data were applied to SPM99 for the processing such as realignment, normalization, smoothing, statistical ANOVA and statistical preference. Results/Disscusion: The comparison of familiar faces vs unfamiliar faces yielded significant activations in the medial temporal regions, the occipito temporal regions and in frontal regions. These results suggest that when volunteers are asked to recognize familiar faces among unfamiliar faces they tend to activate several regions frequently involved in face perception. The medial temporal regions are also activated for familiar and unfamiliar faces. This interesting result suggests a contribution of this structure in the attempt to match perceived faces with pre existing semantic representations stored in long term memory.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.65-90
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• 2017

Rewards or penalties become informative only when contingent on an immediately preceding response. Our goal was to determine if the brain responds differently to motivational events depending on whether they provide feedback with the contingencies effective for learning. Event-related fMRI data were obtained from 22 volunteers performing a visuomotor categorical task. In learning-condition trials, participants learned by trial and error to make left or right responses to letter cues (16 consonants). Monetary rewards (+500) or penalties (-500) were given as feedback (learning feedback). In random-condition trials, cues (4 vowels) appeared right or left of the display center, and participants were instructed to respond with the appropriate hand. However, rewards or penalties (random feedback) were given randomly (50/50%) regardless of the correctness of response. Feedback-associated BOLD responses were analyzed with ANOVA [trial type (learning vs. random) x feedback type (reward vs. penalty)] using SPM8 (voxel-wise FWE p < .001). The right caudate nucleus and right cerebellum showed activation, whereas the left parahippocampus and other regions as the default mode network showed deactivation, both greater for learning trials than random trials. Activations associated with reward feedback did not differ between the two trial types for any brain region. For penalty, both learning-penalty and random-penalty enhanced activity in the left insular cortex, but not the right. The left insula, however, as well as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, showed much greater responses for learning-penalty than for random-penalty. These findings suggest that learning-penalty plays a critical role in learning, unlike rewards or random-penalty, probably not only due to its evoking of aversive emotional responses, but also because of error-detection processing, either of which might lead to changes in planning or strategy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.198-201
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• 2005

Despite the intense studies of face processing in the past few decades, we know little about what neural correlates are involved in the configural and featural face processing. The aim of the study was to find whether the neural correlates for configural and featural face processing is different and if so, where and how their neural correlates operate for the face recognition. We found inferior temporal gyrus

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.37
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• pp.365-389
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• 2018

This research aims to study Michael Chekhov's acting techniques scientifically, because his techniques has been studied only theoretically or empirically. Especially, this study focuses on 'imagination' and 'Psychological Gesture' from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Chekhov thought 'imagination' as the basis and core of all the works of acting. In cognitive psychology, it is called as 'imagery' and means 'a representation of the mind of the object not communicated by the sensory organs currently'. This study starts with defining imagery and takes a brief look at the features and kinds of imagery. Then the researcher will prove scientifically the possibility of training acting using imagery as Chekhov's assertion. For the proof of the validity of imagery, we'll look for the theoretical evidences-functional equivalence hypothesis, psychoneuromuscular theory, symbolic learning theory, psychophygiological information processing-and experimental ones-measurements of cerebral blood flow or event-related potential, experiments with fMRI(functional magnetic resonance imaging) or PET(positron emission tomography). As a result, we can see that imagery is functionally identical to perception and improves fulfillment of cognitive and physical tasks. As proving physical changes can draw out psychological changes(feeling) on the medium of imagery, we can also see the validity of Psychological Gesture. From the above research, even if Chekhov developed the acting techniques only on the basis of his experience, his techniques can be thought as having scientific validity. Though insufficient, this study can be a help for actors or students as they using Chekhov's techniques.