• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1452-1463
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• 2024

Fungi generate different metabolites some of which are intrinsically bioactive and could therefore serve as templates for drug development. In the current study, six endophytic fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubigenesis, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus brasiliensis were isolated and identified from the medicinal plant, Silybum marianum. These endophytic fungi were identified through intra transcribed sequence (ITS) gene sequencing. The bioactive potentials of fungal extracts were investigated using several bioassays such as antibacterial activity by well-diffusion, MIC, MBC, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, and haemolysis. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was used to determine the antibiofilm activity. The ethyl acetate extract of Aspergillus flavus showed strong to moderate efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus spizizenii. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus brasiliensis exhibited significant antibiofilm activity with IC₅₀ at 4.02 and 3.63 mg/ml, while A. flavus exhibited maximum antioxidant activity of 50.8%. Based on HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR experiments kojic acid (1) and carbamic acid (methylene-4, 1-phenylene) bis-dimethyl ester (2) were identified from A. flavus. Kojic acid exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 99.3 ㎍/ml and moderate activity against ovarian teratocarcinoma (CH1), colon carcinoma (SW480), and non-small cell lung cancer (A549) cell lines. These findings suggest that endophytic fungi are able to produce promising bioactive compounds which deserve further investigation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2017

This study examined the anti-inflammatory and whitening effects of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp L.) seed extract. Amaranthus spp L. seeds were extracted using 70% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, dichloromethan, ethyl acetate and butanol. For the study of anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells, EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds significantly inhibited nitrogen oxide production as well as the protein level of iNOS. Furthermore, EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds inhibited expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, PGE2 and the protein level of COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Inaddition, the tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the Amaranthus spp L. seed 70% ethanol extract and subfractions were also measured to see if these extracts can be used as an ingredient for whitening cosmetics. Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is a rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors have become increasingly important in cosmetics and medical products with regards to hyperpigmentation. EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. This activity was more potent than that of a positive control cynandione A. These results suggest that Amaranthus spp L. seeds may be a valuable natural ingredient for the food and cosmetics industries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2014

The antimicrobial activity of Orixa japonica Thunb. leaf extract towards 13 microorganism strains was evaluated. Both methanol (MEex) and 70% ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity towards Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEex showed a higher antimicrobial activity than the 70% ethanol extract. In addition, the dichloromethane fraction (DCMfr) of the MEex also had an antimicrobial effect against the microorganisms examined. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) towards S. mutans, B. cereus, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were 49.22, 24.61, 49.22, and 49.22 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, the MICs of the DCMfr tpwards S. mutans, B. cereus, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were 3.31, 0.21, 1.7, and 1.7 mg/mL, respectively. The MEex antimicrobial activity was not affected by a 3 h exposures to pH in the range of 3-11 or by temperatures were maintained between $80^{\circ}C-100^{\circ}C$ for 6 h. However, the MEex antimicrobial activity decreased at a heat treatment of $121^{\circ}C$ 1 h.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.547-551
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• 2009

Gromwell (LE, Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a perennial herbal plant, has been used for the treatment of various problems associated with atopic dermatitis of the skin, such as water loss, epidermal hyperproliferation, and severe inflammation. Previously, it was shown that oral supplementation with a 70% ethanol extract of gromwell prevented the development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. In this study, in order to identify the fraction that mediates gromwell's efficacy, the dietary effects of water and ethyl acetate fractions from the ethanol extract of gromwell were assessed in the development of dermatitis using NC/Nga mice. Dietary supplementation of the hot water fraction significantly reduced scores for epidermal hyperproliferation in parallel with a marked increase of ceramides. Supplementation of the gromwell hot water fraction also decreased scratching behavior, which was accompanied by a decrease in plasma levels of IgE. These results showed that the hot water fraction of the gromwell ethanolic extract prevented the development of atopic dermatitis by increasing ceramides in NC/Nga mice.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated whitening and anti-inflammatory constituents from a watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, C. lanatus) vines (leaves and stems). As anti-melanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities were screened for the ethanol extract and solvent fractions, n-hexane (n-Hex) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions showed the most potent activities. Three constituents were isolated from the n-Hex and EtOAc fractions of C. lanatus; ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (1), sigmast-7-en-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2), 1-feruloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyrinoside (3). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra, as well as comparison of the data to the literature values. Whitening and anti-inflammatory effects were studied for the isolated compounds. Upon the anti-melanogenesis tests using ${\alpha}-MSH$ stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the compounds 1 and 3 inhibited the cellular melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activities effectively. For the anti-inflammation tests using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, the isolates 1 and 3 were determined to decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6). Based on these results, C. lanatus vines extract could be potentially applicable as whitening and anti-inflammatory ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2011

We investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. and total polyphenol contents of Curcuma longa. Curcuma aromatica. and Curcuma zedoaria. In antimicrobial activity assays of solvent extracts, ethanol extract showed the highest activity compared with other extracts. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of C. longa showed higher than those of C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria. Antimicrobial substance in ethanol extract of C. longa was maintained after heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and not affected by changes in pH. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of solvent extracts were high in the order of ethanol, ethylacetate, ether, water, and hexane fractions, C. longa showed greater DPPH free radical scavenging activity than those of the C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria. Total polyphenol content of C. longa and C. aromatica exhibited were similar levels, whereas C. zedoaria was slightly lower concentration.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2015

This study was performed in order to analyze the fibrinolytic, thrombin inhibitory, anti-oxidative, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and immuno-enhancing activities of the water extract and solvent fractions isolated from Grifola frondosa. Fibrinolytic activity was analyzed using the fibrin plate method, and thrombin inhibitory activity was assayed using the substrate H-D-Phe-piparg- pna. Anti-oxidative activity was estimated using the DPPH assay, and AChE inhibitory activity was measured using the spectrophotometric method. Immuno-enhancing activity was examined using the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Cell viability was determined using the MTS assay. Fibrinolytic activities were the highest in water extract (1.55 plasmin units/mL) followed by water fraction (0.85 plasmin units/mL). The thrombin inhibitory activities of the water and ethyl acetate fractions were determined to be 76.43% and 72.59%, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of chloroform and hexane fractions exhibited values of 95.14% and 94.74%, respectively. The butanol fraction showed the highest anti-oxidative activity at 94.47%. Anti-proliferating activity against Raw 264.7 cells showed no cytotoxicity. The production of NO in Raw 264.7 cells increased up to 2-fold by adding the water fraction compared to the untreated control. These results suggest that Grifola frondosa may serve as a useful functional food for the enhancement of immune function and the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.927-932
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• 1998

The antioxidant activity of Symphyocladia latiuscula was determined by measuring lipid peroxide produced when a mouse liver homogenate was exposed to the air at $37^{\circ}C$, using 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and radical scavenging effect on 1,1 - diphenyl - 2 - picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and free radical generation inhibition by $ACF_2$(Hepatocyte). The methanol extract of S. latiuscula showed high antioxidant activity. And the methanol extract was fractionated with several solvents. With regard their fractions, the antioxidant activity were in the order of dichloromethane > hexane > butanol > ethyl acetate > water fraction. The dichloromethane fraction showed the strongest radical scavenging activity ($50\%$ inhibitory concentration[$IC_{50}$]=3,14 $\mu$g/ml), and strong inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation of the mouse liver homogenate, which was compared with lascorbic acid, inhibition effect was stronger than Lascorbic acid. The methanol extract of S. latiuscula and its dichlromethane soluble fraction also inhibited over $50\%$ at concentration of 0.2 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml on free radical generation of hepatocyte ($AC_2F$). While the water fraction was inactive in all the assay for antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2002

Ixeris dentate was used to extract the natural compounds with methanol and then the extracts were further fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fraction. The methanol extract of Ixeris dentate had strong antimutagenic effect in Ames mutagenicity test. Among the extracts fractioned from the methanol extract, the butanol fraction exhibited the greatest antimutagenic effect suppressing the mutagenicity of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with inhibition rate of 88.93%. Cancer cell lines include human lung carcinoma(A549), human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B). Hexane fraction showed the strongest effect against A549, MCF-7 and Hep3B at the same concentration compared to those of other fractions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.485-490
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• 2008

In this study, organic tea leaves were characterized with the aim of developing an organic beverage process. The green tea leaves grown using organic farming techniques were collected in Haenam, Korea. Catechins in green tea leaves were extracted by chloroform and ethyl acetate and these were then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). The color and pH values of the green tea extracts were also measured. The catechin levels of April-harvested, May-harvested and June-harvested, semi-fermented leaves at 0.5% were 66.24, 29.19, 57.11, and 5.27 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Among the detected catechins, the level of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate was the highest while that of (-)-epigallocatechin was not detected. The June-harvested leaves were selected as raw material for development of the green tea beverage, based on the levels of catechins, economic viability and yield of tea extract. As the level of extract increased, the levels of catechins of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5% also increased by 1.5, 11.78 and 41.01 times. From the results of the sensory evaluation of June-harvested leaf-extract, the sensory score of color was the highest in 0.1%, while the flavor and overall quality were the highest in 0.2%.