• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2004

This study conducted a laboratory work to determine the change of dielectric constant of saturated soil porous media, which is injecting EML to use Frequency Domain Reflectometry(FDR) system and length 7cm-length measurement sensor. It is purpose of study that estimate a movement path through pore of soil for an ethanol mixing liquid(EML) which have the same specific gravity of water at $20{\;}^{\circ}C$, and determine to a dielectric measuring range for the measurement sensor. As an outflow point of saturated soil column upper part recedes from an EML inject point in EML diffusion test, the diffusion extent of EML through pore of saturated soil was expanded. And results of ail EML flow experiment were measured the change of dielectric constant at all measurement sensors which are placed to constant interval at the same travel time for saturated soil column. Therefore, the displace process of water that exist in pore of saturated soil by EML injection is enough available and confirm together mobility through pores.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-93
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• 2006

Rhus verniciflua Stokes(RVS) has been widely used as a food and traditional herbal medicine in Korea. RVS has been reported that the extract from its wood and fruit has strong antioxidant activity and anticancer effect but there is little information on Lacca Sinica Exsiccata(LSE), the resin of RVS, as a medicinal use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanol-eluted extract of LSE on streptozotocin(STZ) - induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with STZ injection. Oral administration of LSE extract(50mg or 100mg/kg of body weight/day) was given to diabetic group. During 4 weeks of experiment, diabetic rats showed significant weight loss and decreasing feed efficiency ratios(FER) compared with normal rats, while the diabetic group orally fed with LSE extract showed a trend of decreasing weight loss and a significant increase of FER(p<0.05). In 4 weeks after induction of diabetes, diabetic rats showed an increase in weight of liver, kidney and heart, whereas the diabetic rats administered with LSE extract showed a reduction in the weight of heart. Blood glucose level was decreased in diabetic rats treated with LSE extract, but it was not statistically significant. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, Glutamic pyruvate transaminase and total cholesterol levels were lower in the diabetic group treated with LSE extract than in untreated diabetic group, but not significant. These results present that LSE may partly have antidiabetic effect and may protect against the development of diabetic heart complications resulting from impaired glucose metabolism.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.286-291
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• 1997

Taxol which is recognized as a powerful anticancer reagent was extracted from yew extract and separated by NP-HPLC (Normal-PhaseHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography). The experiments were performed in the isocratic mode with $5{\mu}l$ to $100{\mu}l$ injection volume and 1ml/min mobile phase flow rate. The major mobile phase was hexane and small amounts of ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol and isopropanol were added to change the retention behavior. Prior to a real sample, the artificial mixture of taxol, cephalomannine and 10-deacetyltaxol was tested. They are hard to be separated because of similar chemical structures. The experimental results showed that the proper composition of mobile phase for separating the three components was found 96% hexane and 4% ethanol(vol.%) or 96% hexane, 2% 1-propanol and 2% methanol(vol.%). Compared to the run time of 80 minutes for the binary system, the mixture was separated within 50 minutes with the less amount of mobile phase for the ternary system. Finally, $1{\mu}g$ of taxol was separated from yew tree extracts under the optimum operating conditions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

The present study investigated an ethanol extract (SSB) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Vitis amurensis, Aralia cordata, and Glycyrrhizae radix for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by Amyloid ${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $15{\mu}M$ $A{\beta}$ (25-35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At $1-30{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, SSB inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by $A{\beta}$ (25-35) in cultured cortical neurons. Memory impairment and increase of acetylcholinesterase activity induced by intracerebroventricular injection of mice with 16 nmol $A{\beta}$ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with SSB (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o., for 8 days). From these results, it is suggested that antidementia effect of SSB is due to its neuroprotective effect against $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that SSB may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of alcohol or cigarette smoking on seminal parameters in a large group of mice model. Nine groups (n=20/group) of mice were treated intensive noxious materials that abdominal injection of 21% (v/v) of ethanol, cigarette smoke (10, 20, 30 minutes/day), and combination of ethanol and 30 minutes of smoking. In addition, vitamin C and selenium were also treated to mice exposed to combination of alcohol and smoking to identify the recovering effect. Sperm viability and motility were significantly decreased in either alcohol consumption or smoking exposed group, and combination of both materials have additive detrimental effects on seminal parameters. Mice groups that exposed to alcohol and smoking showed statistically significant decrease in motility and increase of static spermatozoa. Moreover, combination of both treatments showed cumulative effect in increase of static spermatozoa. Treatments of either vitamin C or selenium dramatically recovered detrimental effects of alcohol and smoking on seminal quality, although combination of both antioxidant molecules did not show any additive effect. In conclusion, detrimental effects of alcohol and cigarette consumption on sperm quality and motility were identified in mice model, and these detrimental effects can be compensated to uptake of anti-oxidant molecules.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.388-396
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• 2009

The present study investigated an ethanol extract (HS0608) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Curcuma longae radix, Phellinus linteus, and Scutellariae radix for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid $\beta$ protein ($A{\beta}$) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $10\;{\mu}M$ $A{\beta}$ (25-35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At $1-50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, HS0608 inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by $A{\beta}$ (25-35) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of ICR mice with 15 nmol $A{\beta}$ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with HS0608 (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test. From these results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of HS0608 is due to its neuroprotective effect against $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that HS0608 may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.437-446
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• 2012

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by recurrent episodes of colonic inflammation and tissue degeneration in human or animal models. The contractile force generated by the smooth muscle is significantly attenuated, resulting in altered motility leading to diarrhea or constipation in IBD. The aim of this study is to clarify the altered contractility of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers in proximal colon of trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mouse. Colitis was induced by direct injection of TNBS (120 mg/kg, 50% ethanol) in proximal colon of ICR mouse using a 30 G needle anesthetized with ketamin (50 mg/kg), whereas animals in the control group were injected of 50% ethanol alone. In TNBS-induced colitis, the wall of the proximal colon is diffusely thickened with loss of haustration, and showed mucosal and mucular edema with inflammatory infiltration. The colonic inflammation is significantly induced the reduction of colonic contractile activity including spontaneous contractile activity, depolarization-induced contractility, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated contractile response in circular muscle layer compared to the longitudinal muscle layer. The inward rectification of currents, especially, important to $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ influx-induced depolarization and contraction, was markedly reduced in the TNBS-induced colitis compared to the control. The muscarinic acetylcholine-mediated contractile responses were significantly attenuated in the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle strips induced by the reduction of membrane expression of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel isoforms from the proximal colon of the TNBS-induced colitis mouse than the control.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 2010

Objectives: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation and chronic relapsing events represents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of pharmacopuncture of anti-inflammatory herbal compound (AiC) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague - Dawley rats, weighing 250~400g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), ST25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), and BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by AiC, respectively (injection volume & times: 0.2 ml / acupoint, twice times on the 2nd & 3rd day). Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hr after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of c-Fos protein in the L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hr after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal and 50% ethanol treated group. AiC to LI4 inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol and PAG but not L6 s.c. and LC. AiC to ST36 showed significant inhibition the c-Fos expression in L6 s.c., Sol and PAG. AiC to ST25 only showed the effects in L6 s.c. and PAG. AiC to BL25 inhibited significantly the expression of c-Fos protein all over the areas. To investigate whether or not endogenous opioids are involved, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30ug/30ul) was applied before the 2nd pharmacopuncture treatment 24 hr after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem. Conclusions: These data show that pharmacopuncture of Aic potently inhibits signal pathways ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and depends on the endogenous opioids according to acupoints.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to determine the developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) with epididymal spermatozoa. The ovaries were obtained from slaughtered small species dogs. Oocytes matured in vitro for 24 hrs were fertilized by ICSI with epididymal spermatozoa. After ICSI, one group of oocytes was activated with 2.0 mM dimethylaminopurine or 7% ethanol for 5 min. and second group was not activated. The follicular oocytes were cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid(SOF) and TCM-199 medium containing hormones and 10% FCS for 24~48 hrs in a incubator with 5% $CO_2$ in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. 1. Results of IVM showed that the percentage of oocytes reaching MII after 24 h and 48 hrs of incubation were significantly higher(p<0.05) after culture with 48 hrs(9/30, 30.0%) than that after culture with 24hrs(a/30, 26.7%). 2. Results of IVM showed that the percentage of oocytes reaching MII after 48 hrs of incubation were significantly higher(p<0.05) after culture with SOF media(10/30, 30.3%) than TCM-199 media (7/30, 23.3%). 3. The rate of cleavaged embryos to blastocyst obtained by ICSI treated activation oocytes was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of nonactivation oocytes(5/16, 25.0% vs 1/13, 5.0%). 4. The rates of development of cleavaged embryos to blastocyst obtained by ICSI treated sperm of fresh, epididymal and frozen-thawed epididymal were 8/18(44.43%), 5/16(31.3%), 2/14(14.3%), respectively. and these values of frozen-thawed epididymal sperm injection were lower than fresh sperm injection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.697-704
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• 2013

The inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts from Curdrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) on osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and a monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis rat model. To identify the effects of CTL 80% ethanol extracts (CTL80) and CTL 10% ethanol extracts (CTL10) against $H_2O_2$ treatment in vitro, cell survival was measured by the MTT assay. Cell survival after $H_2O_2$ treatment increased with CTL80 and CTL10 close to normal up to $300{\mu}g/mL\;H_2O_2$. The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was determined MMP-7 and MMP-13 (known catabolic factors), were significantly inhibited by CTL 80 and CTL10; a $200{\mu}g/mL$ dose of CTL80 especially decreased MMP-13 expression. In vivo, osteoarthritis was induced by an intra-articular injection of MIA into the knee joints of rats, then CTL80 and CTL10 orally administered daily for 35 days. After the animals were sacrificed, histological evaluations of their knee joints revealed a reduction in polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and smooth synovial lining in the CTL80-500 group. Micro-CT analysis of hind paws from CTL80-500 and CTL10 showed a protection against osteophyte formation, soft tissue swelling, and bone resorption. In conclusion, CTL ethanol extracts are effective in ameliorating joint destruction and cartilage erosion in MIA-induced rats. CTL decreases and normalizes articular cartilage through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury, and could potentially serve as a therapeutic treatment for humans.