• 환경생물
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2017

비단털쥐 (Tscherskia triton)는 중국 북부와 한국, 극동러시아 지역 등 국한된 지역에 분포하며, 번식, 성장과 발달 및 분포에 관한 정보는 알려져 있으나 발정주기와 생식기관에 관한 번식생물학적 연구는 거의 연구된 바 없다. 이에 본 연구는 제주도에서 포획된 개체를 사육하면서 광주기에 따른 암컷 비단털쥐의 생식주기 및 생식기관의 특징을 밝혀 비단털쥐의 번식생물학적 정보를 제공하고자 진행하였다. 연구결과, 평소 사육환경(16L : 8D)에서의 비단털쥐 발정주기는 4~5일이었고, 발정 단계는 발정전기, 발정기, 발정후기, 발정휴지기의 4단계로 구분되었다. 광주기 8L : 16D 환경에서 비단털쥐의 발정주기는 6~12일째부터 발정휴지기 상태가 계속 유지되었다. 광주기에 따른 비단털쥐 생식기관의 조직도 차이를 보였다. 16L : 8D 경우에는 발달된 난소 내에 다수의 성숙 난포와 황체가 관찰되었고, 자궁내막도 두껍고 분비샘도 잘 발달되어 있었으나 8L : 16D 조건에서는 원시난포와 제2차, 3차 난모세포가 관찰되고 얇은 자궁내막과 발달되지 않는 자궁분비샘을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 광주기에 따른 비단털쥐의 생식주기 변화와 난소와 자궁의 조직학적 차이를 확인하였다. 이 결과는 비단털쥐의 번식생물학적 측면에서 매우 중요한 단서가 되는 자료이기에 생물종 다양성 유지를 위한 자료로 널리 활용될 것이라 판단된다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-30
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• 1985

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone levels in the milk of Holstein cows during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. The FSH, LH, estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone from the milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The levels of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ were similar among inter-quarters, but they were higher in after milking than before milking times, with no statistical significance. 2. The milk progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak mean level of 3.55$\pm$0.26ng/$m\ell$ at 15 days after estrus and they did not show any differences among the length of estrous cycles. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 36.40$\pm$2.38pg/$m\ell$ at estrus, and decreased(17.20$\pm$0.46 pg/$m\ell$ to 18.65$\pm$1.26pg/$m\ell$) at luteal phase. 3. The FSH levels during the estrous cycles ranged from 2.25$\pm$0.23mIU/$m\ell$ to 4.35$\pm$0.24mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. The LH levels during the estrous cycles gradually increased and remained a peak level of 10.90$\pm$0.36mIU/$m\ell$ from 20 to 25 days after estrus. 4. The progesterone levels during the pregnancy were decreased from 30 to 60 days after artificial insemination, and therafter continuously increased until 240 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the pregnancy were 24.56$\pm$1.19pg/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial inseminaton, and increased rapidly until 180 days. The levles were agagin decreased by 26.17$\pm$3.03pg/$m\ell$ until 210 days and markedly increased by 68.00$\pm$8.70pg/$m\ell$ until 240 days. 5. The prolactin levels during the pregnancy were 31.27$\pm$2.31ng/$m\ell$ and 42.60$\pm$2.37ng/$m\ell$ at day 150 and 240 after artificial insemination respectively. The LH levels during the pregnancy reached a peak of 27.47$\pm$7.90mIU/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial insemination, and thereafter gradually decreased. 6. The progesterone levels during the periparturient period reached a peak of 4.61$\pm$0.34ng/$m\ell$ at day 3 prepartum, and thereafter gradually decreased, and showed 2.05$\pm$0.60ng/$m\ell$ at day 7 postpartum. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the periparturient period showed high level from 207.23$\pm$6.04pg/$m\ell$ at day 1 prepartum to 239.90$\pm$13.90pg/$m\ell$ at day 2 prepartum, and thereafter began to decline and reached 51.87$\pm$1.72pg/$m\ell$ at by 7 postpartum. 7. The prolactin levels during the periparturient period showed relatively higher level at the time of parturition. The LH levels during the periparturient period rnage from 6.32$\pm$0.32mIU/$m\ell$ to 13.90$\pm$1.37mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. 8. The progesterone levels(4.6$\pm$0.8ng/$m\ell$) of the pregnant cows were significantly higher than those (1.84$\pm$1.4ng/$m\ell$) of nonpregnant cows. The cows of artificial insemination from 61 to 90 days after parturition showed higher progesterone levels. 9. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from milk progesterone levels were 94.4% for nonpregnant cows(<2.3ng/$m\ell$), and 75.0% for pregnant cows( 3.2ng/$m\ell$). The average overall accuracy of pregnancy prediction for nonpregnant and pregnant cows 83.3% 10. The results obtained this study suggest that the understanding of the endocrinological mechanisms by means of milk hormone analysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition would give the basic information needed for increasing efficiency of reproduction. This study would not only provide an accurate method of the early pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone levels but also contribute to the research of providing the method of detecting of FSH levels in milk, which was difficult in blood serum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.787-794
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• 2005

The aim of this study was 1) to confirm the practical efficiency of a routine milk P4 monitoring system for postpartum reproductive management of a dairy herd, and 2) to evaluate the relationship between the blood metabolic profiles, milk quality and body weight of individual cows in the farm records, which may reflect the postpartum nutritional condition, and the time of postpartum resumption of ovarian activity of dairy cows. A total of 116 Holstein cows was used in the present study. First, during the period of Experiment 1, postpartum reproductive management based on weekly measured milk P4 concentration from individual cows was conducted. Compared with the reproductive records of the past two years without P4 monitoring, although the day from calving to first AI did not change, both the number of AI until pregnant (with P4; 1.9 times vs. without P4; 2.9 times) and the days open (with P4; 95.1 days vs. without P4; 135.8 days and 133.8 days) were significantly decreased. In Experiment 2, the measurement of blood constituents such as albumin, blood urea nitrogen, packed cell volume, ammonia, glucose, total cholesterol, non-esterified, AST and $\gamma$-GTP was performed on the blood samples taken once approximately 14 days postpartum, to monitor both health and nutritional conditions. The milk constituent parameters, such as milk protein (MP), milk fat (MF), SNF and lactose, collected from the monthly progeny test of individual cows, were used to monitor the postpartum nutritional status. Furthermore, the data obtained from the routine measurements of body weight were used to calculate the rate of peripartum body weight loss. The resumption day of the postpartum estrous cycle was assumed from the milk P4 profiles of individual cows. There was no clear relationship between each parameter from blood examination and those from resumption time. However, the cows had low values of MP, and SNF, which significantly affected the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle. Similarly, a higher rate of body weight loss indicated a significant delay (more than 1 month) in the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle, compared with the groups that had a medium or lower rate of body weight loss. The results of the present study demonstrated that the implementation of routine milk P4 monitoring-based postpartum reproductive management, together with milk quality parameters and routine BW data available in field conditions may be utilized as a practical approach for increasing the postpartum reproductive efficiency of a high yielding dairy herd.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.643-652
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• 2017

Objective: Prostaglandins (PGs) function in various reproductive processes, including luteolysis, maternal pregnancy recognition, conceptus development, and parturition. Our earlier study has shown that PG transporters ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member 4 (ABCC4) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2A1 (SLCO2A1) are expressed in the uterine endometrium in pigs. Since several other PG transporters such as ABCC1, ABCC9, SLCO4C1, and SLCO5A1 are known to be present in the uterine endometrium, this study investigated the expression of these PG transporters in the porcine uterine endometrium and placenta. Methods: Uterine endometrial tissues were obtained from gilts on day (D) 12 and D15 of the estrous cycle and days 12, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 114 of pregnancy. Results: ABCC1, ABCC9, SLCO4C1, and SLCO5A1 mRNAs were expressed in the uterine endometrium, and levels of expression changed during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Expression of ABCC1 and ABCC9 mRNAs was localized mainly to luminal and glandular epithelial cells in the uterine endometrium, and chorionic epithelial cells during pregnancy. Conceptuses during early pregnancy and chorioallantoic tissues from mid to late pregnancy also expressed these PG transporters. $Estradiol-17{\beta}$ increased the expression of ABCC1 and SLCO5A1, but not ABCC9 and SLCO4C1 mRNAs and increasing doses of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ induced the expression of ABCC9, SLCO4C1, and SLCO5A1 mRNAs in endometrial explant tissues. Conclusion: These data showed that several PG transporters such as ABCC1, ABCC9, SLCO4C1, and SLCO5A1 were expressed at the maternal-conceptus interface, suggesting that these PG transporters may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating PG transport in the uterine endometrium and placenta in pigs.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.621-630
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• 2019

암컷의 자궁에서 일어나는 수정은 새로운 생명의 시작점이다. 암컷의 번식기관은 난소, 난관, 자궁, 자궁경부 및 질로 구성되어 있으며, 이들기관은 발정주기에 따라 생리학적인 역할이 조절된다. 자궁은 수정란의 발달과 착상이 이루어지는 곳이기 때문에, 수정란과 자궁 환경의 상호작용은 안정적인 임신을 위한 필수적인 조건으로 알려져있다. 자궁내막은 자궁의 한 부분으로써 이들의 형태학적인 특징은 호르몬에 의해 반복적으로 변화되며, 자궁내막으로부터 분비되는 자궁액 역시 그 특징이 변화하게 된다. 최근, 자궁내막 및 자궁액 내 포함된 대량의 단백질을 단백체학과 생물정보학의 발전에 따라 검출할 수 있게 되었으며, 이러한 기술에 의해 번식학 발전을 가속화하고 있다. 대량의 단백질 정보는 성호르몬 신호기전 및 혈관신생과 같은 이론 등을 깊게 연구할 수 있는 도구로써 이용되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 자궁내막의 재구성, 자궁선 및 자궁액에 대한 기초적인 생물학적인 지식을 바탕으로, 단백체학과 생물정보학을 활용한 자궁내막 및 자궁액 연구에 대해서 소개하고자 한다. 또한, 생물정보학 도구를 활용하여 단백체학에서 탐색된 자궁내막 및 자궁액 관련 단백질들의 상호작용 알아보는 방법에 대해서도 소개하였다. 따라서, 본 총설의 내용은 발정주기동안 자궁내막 안에서 일어나는 새로운 세포 신호기전을 탐색하는데 큰 도움이 될것이라 생각된다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2012

정상 발정주기를 보이는 7주령부터 38주령의 생쥐를 대상으로 발정주기에 따른 자궁조직내 비만세포의 분포를 toluidine blue 염색법으로 조사하였다. 비만세포의 밀도는 생쥐의 연령 증가와 더불어 지속적으로 증가하다가, 30주령 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 발정주기별 분포에서는 조사한 모든 연령의 생쥐에서 발정후기에 가장 높은 밀도를 나타내었고, 그 대부분은 자궁근층에서 발견되었다. 10주령의 생쥐를 대상으로 Alcian blue-safranin 이중염색법에 따라 비만세포의 유형별 상대분포를 조사한 실험에서는 발정주기의 전 시기에 걸쳐 점막형 비만세포의 비율이 결합조직형 및 혼합형 비만세포의 비율에 비해 상대적으로 현저히 높게 나타났으나, 발정기 이후 발정간기까지는 점막형비만세포의 상대 비율은 다소 감소하고, 다른 유형의 비만세포, 특히 혼합형 비만세포의 비율이 상대적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Masson trichrome 염색법으로 조사한 교원섬유의 분포 양상은 비만세포의 분포 양상과 정확히 일치하게 발정후기에서 가장 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과는 비만세포, 특히 점막형 비만세포가 교원섬유와 함께 발정주기에 따른 자궁의 점막 및 근육조직의 재구성에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2003년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.167.3-167
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2007

In mammalian ovary, steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein mediates the true rate-limiting step of transport of cholesterol from outer to inner mitochondrial membrane. Appropriate expression of StAR gene represents an indispensable component of steroidogenesis and its regulation has been found to be species specific. However, limited information is available regarding StAR gene expression during estrous cycle in buffalo ovary. In the present study, expression, localization and hormonal regulation of StAR mRNA were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in buffalo ovary and partial cDNA was cloned. Total RNA was isolated from whole follicles of different sizes, granulosa cells from different size follicles and postovulatory structures like corpus luteum and Corpus albicans. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed StAR mRNA expression in the postovulatory structure, corpus luteum. No StAR mRNA was detected in total RNA isolated from whole follicles of different size including the preovulatory follicle (>9 mm in diameter). However, granulosa cells isolated from preovulatory follicles showed the moderate expression of StAR mRNA. To assess the hormonal regulation of StAR mRNA, primary culture of buffalo granulosa cells were treated with FSH (100 ng/ml) alone or along with IGF-I (100 ng/ml) for 12 to 18 h. The abundance of StAR mRNA increased in cells treated with FSH alone or FSH with IGF-I. However, effect of FSH with IGF-I on mRNA expression was found highly significant (p<0.01). In conclusion, differential expression of StAR messages was observed during estrous cycle in buffalo ovary. Also, there was a synergistic action of IGF-I on FSH stimulation of StAR gene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2001

Litter size has been one of the important economic traits in porcine reproduction. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been shown to mediate actions of the steroid hormone or to synergize with other endocrine factors so that it consequently plays roles in reproductive processes, including ovulation, implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and fetal development. However, the effect of the serum IGF system on porcine litter size has not been deeply studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to relate serum IFG-II concentration and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression with porcine litter size. Moreover, the possible association of those with estrogen receptor (ER) as a candidate gene for litter size was investigated. Swine were separated into two groups showing high and low litter sizes, and sera were collected from sows in the estrous cycle to postnatal growth of their female progeny. Serum IFG-II concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay and IGFBP-3 expression was detected by Western ligand blotting. During the estrous cycle, IGFBP-3 expression in both groups decreased moderately from metestrus to estrus, but IFG-II concentration showed a reverse pattern. Also, IFG-II concentration and IGFBP-3 expression decreased gradually as pregnancy proceeded. Unlike IGFBP-3, IFG-II decreased moderately as newborn pigs grew. Significant differences in serum IFG-II amount between the two groups were detected at 60 (p<0.01), 75, 90, and 105 d (p<0.05) of pregnancy and at 60 (p<0.01), 45, and 105 d (p<0.05) of postnatal growth. Furthermore, based on ER genotypes, a high litter size group with genotypes AB and BB showed lower IFG-II concentration than a low litter size group with a genotype AA during pregnancy. Taken together, the results indicate that the serum IFG-II and IGFBP-3 are correlated with the litter size in pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1708-1714
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• 2005

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) functions in epithelial growth and differentiation in many tissues and organs. KGF is expressed in the uterine endometrial epithelial cells during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs, and receptors for KGF (KGFR) are expressed by conceptus trophectoderm and endometrial epithelia. KGF has been shown to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of conceptus trophectoderm. However, the role of KGF on the endometrial epithelial cells has not been determined. Therefore, this study determined the effect of KGF on proliferation and differentiation of endometrial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo using an immortalized porcine luminal epithelial (pLE) cell line and KGF infusion into the uterine lumen of pigs between Days 9 and 12 of estrous cycle. Results showed that KGF did not stimulate proliferation of uterine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo determined by the $^3$H]thymidine incorporation assay and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining, respectively. Effects of KGF on expression of several markers for epithelial cell differentiation, including integrin receptor subunits $\alpha$4, $\alpha$5 and $\beta$1, plasmin/trypsin inhibitor, uteroferrin and retinol-binding protein were determined by RT-PCR, Northern and slot blot analyses, and immunohistochemisty, and KGF did not affect epithelial cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. These results show that KGF does not induce epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, suggesting that KGF produced by endometrial epithelial cells acts on conceptus trophectoderm in a paracrine manner rather than on endometrial epithelial cells in an autocrine manner.