• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2004

The need to predict the rate of soil erosion, both under existing conditions and those expected to occur following soil conservation practice, has been led to the development of various models. In this study Morgan model especially developed for field-sized areas on hill slopes was applied to assess the rate of soil erosion using RS/GIS environment in the Dukchun river basin, one of two tributaries flowing into Jinyang lake. In order to run the model, land cover mapping was made by the supervised classification method with Landsat TM satellite image data, the digital soil map was generated from scanning and screen digitizing from the hard copy of soil maps, digital elevation map (DEM) in order to generate the slope map was made by the digital map (DM) produced by National Geographic Information Institute (NGII). Almost all model parameters were generated to the multiple raster data layers, and the map calculation was made by the raster based GIS software, IL WIS which was developed by ITC, the Netherlands. Model results show that the annual soil loss rates are 5.2, 18.4, 30.3, 58.2 and 60.2 ton/ha/year in forest, paddy fields, built-up area, bare soil, and upland fields respectively. The estimated rates seemed to be high under the normal climatic conditions because of exaggerated land slopes due to DEM generation using 100 m contour interval. However, the results were worthwhile to estimate soil loss in hilly areas and the more precise result could be expected when the more accurate slope data is available.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

This study attempted to study the soil erosion dynamic in the Bagmati Basin of Nepal. In this study, an inclusive methodology that combines Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and GIS techniques was adopted to determine the distribution of soil loss in the study basin. As well, this study attempts to study the intensity of soil erosion in the seven different land use patterns in the Bagmati Basin. Soil loss is an associated phenomenon of hydrologic cycle and this dynamic phenomenon possesses threats to sustainability of basin hydrology, agriculture system, hydraulic structures in operation and overall ecosystem in a long run. Soil conservation works, and various planning and design of watersheds works demands quantification of soil loss. The results of the study in Bagmati Basin shows the total annual soil loss in the basin is 22.93 million tons with an average rate of 75.83T/ha/yr. The computed soil loss risk was divided into five classes from tolerable to severe and the spatial pattern was mapped for easy interpretation. Also, evaluation of soil loss in different land use categories shows barren area has highest rate of soil loss followed by agriculture area. This is a preliminary work and provides erosion risk scenario in the basin. The study can be further used for strategic planning of land use and hydrologic conservation works in a basin.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.167-171
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• 1995

The orientation dependence of sputtering rate in the sendust polysrystalline targets was studied, It was fount from the present work that the erosion process is not uniform from one grain to another even within a target because of its polysrystalline nature showing many different orientation of grains. The grains oriented to promote efficient erosion were characterized by the close-packed planes which have large interplanar spacing and strong binding energy, The characteristic line patterns appeared on as-sputter target surface are discussed in terms of symmetry of crystllographic planes.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.365-366
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• 2007

High quality cathode with high deposition rate of thin films and long target life time is required for manufacturing TFT-LCD and semiconductor. We developed WV(wide view) sputtering cathode with wide erosion area and high deposition rate. Ti thin film thickness variation in WV cathode is below 5% for 380 kWh target life time. Al thin film thickness using normal cathode is decreased about 20%. By using WV cathode, target using efficiency was improved 40%. in comparison with normal cathode.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.283-293
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 금강 하구역 표층에 분포하는 점착성 퇴적물의 침식특성을 정량적으로 산정하고, 그 침식특성의 계절적 변화와 타 지역 침식특성 결과와의 비교/분석을 통한 공간적 변화를 해석하는데 있다. 또한 점착성 퇴적물의 침식특성은 퇴적물 자체의 물리 화학적 기본특성에 의해 크게 영향을 받으므로, 본 연구에서는 이러한 퇴적물의 기본특성이 침식특성에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 해석하였다. 침식실험은 균일저면 조건에서 1개 지점에 대해 계절별로(가을과 겨울) 4회씩 총 8회의 실험이 환형수조를 사용하여 수행되었으며 그 결과 저면밀도 $1.15{\sim}1.34g/cm^3$ 범위에서 침식한계전단응력(${\tau}_{ce.s}$)은 $0.12{\sim}0.36N/m^2$, 침식률 계수(${\varepsilon}_{M.S}$)는 $120.91{\sim}6.72mg/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ 범위의 값을 갖는 것으로 확인되었으며, 산정된 침식특성 매개변수들은 다른 점착성 퇴적물(Okeechobee호, Kaolinite)과 비교해 정량적으로 상당한 차이를 보였으나 금강 하구역 내에서의 계절적 변화는 미미한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2010

충남 공주 팔봉산 남쪽 측면에 위치한 3년간 배나무가 식재된 구릉성 침식포장에서 유거와 침식의 변화를 (1)Glyphosate 처리 (2) paraquat 처리의 두 가지 서로 다른 제초관리 형태하에서 조사하였다. 조사지의 경사도는 5.5% ~ 10.2%, 고도 125 m이며 조사면적은 896 $m^2$ ($28m{\times}32m$)였다. 2006년에서 2008년 사이 총강우사상은 각각 47, 52, 52회였다. 전체 강우사상 중 일 강우량이 20 mm보다 적은 날은 전체 강우일수의 약 65%를 차지하였다. 평형상태에서 침투율은 지표면의 잡초가 모두 제거된 나지에서 일반적으로 증가하였으며, 제초제처리구와 대조구에서는 감소하였다. 모든 대조구에서 유거는 제초제처리구와 나지구보다 항시 낮았다. 동일 강우강도에서 유거는 대조구, glyposate 처리구, paraquat 처리구 glyposate-처리 나지구 순으로 증가하였다. 높은 강우강도하에서 처리구가간 유거의 차이는 1년차에서 가장 높았다. 조사 기간 3년간 토양손실은 각각 달랐다. 미세입자 손실이 조립질보다 높았으나 토양손실은 유거나 총강우량과 상관성은 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 동일 강우강도하에서 토양침식율은 대조구, glyposate 처리구, paraquat 처리구 glyposate-처리 나지구 순으로 증가하였다. 상대적으로 30 mm 이하의 강우강도하에서는 조사구간 제초제 처리 여부 상관성이 거의 없었다. 이는 토양침식은 강우강도에 의존한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2023

산림지역은 세류간침식이 지배적인 반면, 지표 교란지역은 세류의 발달과 확장에 의한 침식이 두드러지게 증가한다. 본 연구는 급경사에서 세류 발달과 미세지형 변화의 특성을 파악하고자 강우와 유입수 모의에 따른 토양침식 실험을 수행한 것이다. 세류의 단면과 체적, 세류밀도, 세류차수, 세류예도와 같은 미세지형의 특성인자들은 사면의 경사와 위치(상부 또는 하부)에 따른 분석이 이루어졌다. 강우모의에 의해 동시다발적으로 절개된 세류들의 두부침식은 빠른 속도로 상류로 이동하였고, 무작위으로 발달한 세류들은 서로 연결되면서 깊고 넓게 확장하였다. 세류가 하류방향으로 진화함에 따라 횡단면적은 점차적으로 증가하였다. 세류 체적은 유출토사 체적의 약 78 %를 차지하여, 세류침식이 세류간침식보다 토사유출량 기여도가 큼을 확인하였다. 경사가 증가함에 따라 세류차수의 증가는 둔화되지만, 세류의 총길이와 밀도는 전반적으로 증가하였다. 경사 15°에서 20°로 증가하면서 세류의 측벽확장보다 하상절개가 상대적으로 커지면서 세류예도가 1.6배로 증가하였다. 하사면의 유출계수는 상사면보다 12.3 % 적었으며, 이는 세류 확장에 의한 형상 변화와 심토의 노출이 침투를 증가시켰던 것으로 평가된다. 세류가 수반된 토사유출은 경사가 급할수록 전반적으로 증가하지만, 세류진화 과정에서 국부적인 합류와 확장으로 강화된 세류의 수리학적 유속에 직접적인 영향을 받았다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on the wears of piston and piston rings were investigated by the experiment with a two-cylinder, four cycle, indirect injection diesel engine operating at an engine load of 75% and an engine speed of 1600 rpm. For the purpose of comparison between the wear rates of two cylinders with and without EGR, the recirculated exhaust gas was sucked into one of two cylinders after the soot contenets in exhaust emissions were removed by an intentionally designed cylinder-type scrubber equipped with 6 water injectors(A water injector has 144 nozzles of 1.0 mm diameter), while only the fresh air was inhaled into the other cylinder. These experiments were carried out on the fuel injection timing fixed at 15.3$^{\circ}$ BTDC. It was found that the wear rate of piston skirt with EGR increased a little bit, but the piston head diameter increased, rather than decreased, owing to soot adhesion and erosion wear, and especially larger with EGR, and that the wear rates of the top and second piston ring(compression ring)thickness with EGR were more than twice the wear rate of top ring in case of no EGR, but the wear rate of oil rings thickness without EGR increased greater than that with EGR.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1524-1532
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• 2001

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on the wear of cylinder liner and piston were experimentally investigated by a two-cylinder, four cycle, indirect injection diesel engine operating at 75% lo ad and 1600 rpm. For the purpose of comparison between the wear rates of the two cylinders with and without EGR, the recirculated exhaust gas was sucked into one of two cylinders after the soot in exhaust emissions was removed by an intentionally designed cylinder-type scrubber equipped with 6 water injectors(A water injector has 144 nozzles of 1.0 mm diameter), while only the fresh air was inhaled into the other cylinder. These experiments were carried out with the fuel injection timing fixed at 15.3$^{\circ}$ BTDC. It was found that the mean wear rate of cylinder liner with EGR was greater in the measurement positions of the second half than those of the first half, that the mean wear rate without EGR was almost uniform regardless of measurement positions, and that the wear rate of piston skirt with EGR increased a little bit, but the piston head diameter increased, rather than decreased, owing to soot adhesion and erosion wear, and especially larger with EGR.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2008

There is increased soil erosion potential at highland agricultural crop fields because of its topographic characteristics and site-specific agricultural management practices performed at these areas. The agricultural upland fields are usually located at the sloping areas, resulting in higher soil loss, pesticides, and nutrients in case of torrential rainfall events or typhoon, such as 2002 Rusa and 2003 MaeMi. At the highland agricultural fields, the soil reconditioning have been performed every year to decrease damage by continuous cropping and pests. Also it has been done to increase crop productivity and soil fertility. The increased amounts of soil used for soil reconditioning are increasing over the years, causing significant impacts on water quality at the receiving water bodies. In this study, the field investigation was done to check soil reconditioning status for potato, carrot, and cabbage at the Doam-dam watershed. With these data obtained from the field investigation, the Soil and Water Assesment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the soil loss reduction with environment-friendly and agronomically enough soil reconditioning. The average soil reconditioning depth for potato was 34.3 cm, 48.3 cm for carrot, and 31.2 cm for cabbage at the Doam-dam watershed. These data were used for SWAT model runs. Before the SWAT simulation, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch, developed by the Kangwon National University, was applied because of proper simulation of soil erosion and sediment yield at the sloping watershed, such as the Doam-dam watershed. With this patch applied, the Coefficient of Determination ($R^2$) value was 0.85 and the Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency (EI) was 0.75 for flow calibration. The $R^2$ value was 0.87 and the EI was 0.85 for flow validation. For sediment simulation, the $R^2$ value was 0.91 and the EI was 0.70, indicating the SWAT model predicts the soil erosion processes and sediment yield at the Doam-dam watershed. With the calibrated and validated SWAT for the Doam-dam watershed, the soil erosion reduction was investigated for potato, carrot, and cabbage. For potato, around 19.3 cm of soil were over applied to the agricultural field, causing 146% of more soil erosion rate, approximately 33.3 cm, causing 146% of more soil erosion for carrot, and approximately 16.2 cm, causing 44% of more soil erosion. The results obtained in this study showed that excessive soil reconditioning are performed at the highland agricultural fields, causing severe muddy water issues and water quality degradation at the Doam-water watershed. The results can be used to develop soil reconditioning standard policy for various crops at the highland agricultural fields, without causing problems agronomically and environmentally.