• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.825-832
• /
• 2010

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "Any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" Biotechnology has made tremendous contributions to improve production efficiency of agriculture during the last century. This article reviews successful examples of application of bio-fermentation in improving swine nutrition efficiency mainly based on the authors'z own research experience. Production of feed grade supplemental amino acids by bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to formulate accurate feed for optimal lean growth and reduced nitrogen excretion. Recent issues with high feed grain prices caused potential feed quality problems. Bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to use exogenous supplemental enzymes such as phytase and NSPases in swine diets, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing nutrient excretion to the environment. Yeast metabolites are also produced by bio-fermentation and have been repeatedly shown to improve milk production of sows during early lactation even though actual mechanisms are still to be investigated. Bio-fermentation technology also allowed nutritionists to prepare vegetable protein sources with large protein molecules and anti-nutritional factors suitable for feeding newly weaned piglets, as selected microorganisms significantly reduce specific anti-nutritional factors and size of peptides. Preparations of vegetable protein sources suitable for newly weaned pigs will greatly contribute to swine nutrition by providing efficient alternatives to the use of animal protein sources that are often expensive and somewhat against societal preference. Considering the few examples listed above, biotechnology has closely influenced improvement of production efficiency in the swine industry. As we have limited resources to produce meat to satisfy ever-increasing global demands, extensive adaptation of biotechnology to enhance production efficiency should be continued. However, at the same time, wise and careful application of bio-technology should be considered to ensure production of safe food and to meet the expectations of our society.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.436-440
• /
• 1987

Pullulanase gene (pul) of Klebsiella pneumoniae NFB-320 which was cloned previously in Escherichia coli with plasmid pBR322. The gene was analyzed with various restriction enzymes. The cloned gene was contained within n 10 kb BamHI DNA fragment. We constructed the restriction map of the hybrid plasmid pYKL451. The optimum temperatures for pullulanases produced in E. coli (pYKL451) and K. pneumoniae NFB-320 were almost the same, 50-55 $^{\circ}C$. The optimum pHs for the reaction of the enzymes produced by E. coli (pYKL451) and K. pneumoniae NFB-320 was 6.0. Both enzyme preparations were stable under the range of pH 5.0 to 10.0 when those were kept at 40 $^{\circ}C$ for 90 min and were stable until 40 $^{\circ}C$ when allowed to stand for 1hr at various temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.658-665
• /
• 1995

Low yield of a thermostable pectinesterase(TSPE) from citrus fruits has made its detailed study extremely tedious and difficult; therefore, maximizing TSPE extraction is desirable. It is assumed that TSPE is bound to the cell components via ionic linkage and covalent bonds. Therefore, in this study, variations in extraction time, pH, NaCl concentration and commercial enzyme preparations were used to increase the yield of TSPE from Valencia orange. The largest recovery of TSPE, obtained by heating extracted pectinesterase(PE) at $70^{\circ}C\;for\;5{\sim}10$ minute, was achieved using actate buffer(pH 4.14) with 1 M NaCl and 0.2% $Cytolase^{TM}$ 104(a mixture of cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase; Genecor, Inc). The two aquous phase partitioning with 5.0% Triton X-114 could be used as a tool for separation of thermolabile pectinesterase(TLPE) and TSPE from crude PE. Also, water extraction and $0{\sim}0.3$ ammonium sulfate fractionation could be used for removing non-pectinesterase protein.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.1 s.61
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2005

In the present study, we examined the effect of crude methanolic extract (CME) from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb on arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. CME had a potent inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release induced by A23187, a $Ca^{2+}$ ionophore. The inhibition was concentration-dependent, with the 50 value of about 5 M. CME had no inhibitory effect on A23187-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 extracellular signal regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase or on the liberation of [14C]-AA from the cells labeled with [14C]-AA. However, CME concentration-dependently inhibited the conversion of AA to $PGE_2$ in microsomal preparations, showing its possible inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). In enzyme assay in vitro, CME inhibited the activities of both constitutive COX (COX­I) and inducible COX (COX-2) in a concentration-dependent manner, with the 50 values of about 0.8 and 2M, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that CME competitively inhibited the activities of both COX-l and -2. This study is a first demonstration that CME directly inhibits COX activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.412-418
• /
• 2018

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3(S) and compound K (C-K) are pharmacologically active components of ginseng that promote human health and improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to produce Rg3(S) and C-K from ginseng extract using recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Methods: L. lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 (L. lactis NZ9000), which harbors ${\beta}$-glucosidase genes (BglPm and BglBX10) from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Flavobacterium johnsoniae, respectively, was reacted with ginseng extract (protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside mixture). Results: Crude enzyme activity of BglBX10 values comprised 0.001 unit/mL and 0.003 unit/mL in uninduced and induced preparations, respectively. When whole cells of L. lactis harboring pNZBglBX10 were treated with ginseng extract, after permeabilization of cells by xylene, Rb1 and Rd were converted into Rg3(S) with a conversion yield of 61%. C-K was also produced by sequential reactions of the permeabilized cells harboring each pNZBgl and pNZBglBX10, resulting in a 70% maximum conversion yield. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the lactic acid bacteria having specific ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity can be used to enhance the health benefits of Panax ginseng in either fermented foods or bioconversion processes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2008

Objectives : The root of Zingiber officinale ROSC. (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens; Ginger) has been widely used as one of folk remedies and food materials in many traditional preparations. Ginger is known as an effective appetite enhancer and anti-inflammatory agent. This study was performed to investigate the effect of ginger chloroform fraction (GCF) in microglia which play a central role on brain inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods : Dried ginger was extracted with 80% methanol, and then fractionated with chloroform. BV2 mouse microglial cells were cultured with different concentrations of GCF and then stimulated with LPS (1 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) at indicated times. The cell toxicity of GCF was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of NO, PGE2 and cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The phosphorylation of three MAPKs (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation were determined by Western blotting. Results : GCF significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators, NO, $PGE_2$ and proinflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$) in a dose-dependent manner. GCF attenuated LPS-induced expression of mRNA and protein of inflammatory enzymes, iNOS, COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines through suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and the activation of p65 $NF-{\kappa}B$ in BV2 cells. Conclusions : This study suggests that GCF may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing the inflammatory mediator production released by activated microglia after the brain injury.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 1979

Partially purified ${\beta}-fructosidase$ (inulase) from Kluyveromyces fragilis was immobilized on Tygon tube and aminoethyl-cellulose, respectively and both preparations were characterized. Silanization of Tygon tube in chloroform at $65^{\circ}C$ and treatment with 10 % glutaraldehyde were critical for the immobilization of inulase on Tygon tube, while 2 % glutaraldehyde was effective for the immobilization on aminoethyl-cellulose. The derivative of Tygon tube showed 11.5 units of inulase activity per g of dried matrix with retention of 22.5 % of original activity against inulin, whereas one of aminoethyl-cellulose showed 39.3 units per g of dired matrix with 53.4 % of retention. Studies of enzyme stability, pH and temperature dependences, and $K_m$ values are presented for inulase and invertase activities of both immobilized enzymes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.273-280
• /
• 2013

Bamboo salt, a Korean folk medicine, is prepared with solar salt (sea salt) and baked several times at high temperatures in a bamboo case. In this study, we compared the preventive effects of bamboo salt and purified and solar salts on hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with purified and solar salts, bamboo salts prevented hepatic damage in rats, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05). Bamboo salt (baked $9{\times}$) triggered the greatest reduction in these enzyme levels. In addition, it also reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$. Histopathological sections of liver tissue demonstrated the protective effect of bamboo salt, whereas sections from animals treated with the other salt groups showed a greater degree of necrosis. We also performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of the inflammation-related genes iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in rat liver tissues. Bamboo salt induced a significant decrease (~80%) in mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared with the other salts. Thus, we found that baked bamboo salt preparations could prevent $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damage in vivo.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 2015

Background: The present study was designed to prepare and find the optimum active preparation or fraction from Korea Red Ginseng inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression, because MMP-13 is a pivotal enzyme to degrade the collagen matrix of the joint cartilage. Methods: From total red ginseng ethanol extract, n-BuOH fraction (total ginsenoside-enriched fraction), ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction (GDF), and ginsenoside triol-type-enriched fraction (GTF) were prepared, and ginsenoside diol type-/F4-enriched fraction (GDF/F4) was obtained from Panax ginseng leaf extract. Results: The n-BuOH fraction, GDF, and GDF/F4 clearly inhibited MMP-13 expression compared to interleukin-$1{\beta}$-treated SW1353 cells (human chondrosarcoma), whereas the total extract and ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction did not. In particular, GDF/F4, the most effective inhibitor, blocked the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun-activated protein kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/2 (STAT-1/2) among the signal transcription pathways involved. Further, GDF/F4 also inhibited the glycosaminoglycan release from interleukin-$1{\alpha}$-treated rabbit cartilage culture (30.6% inhibition at $30{\mu}g/mL$). Conclusion: Some preparations from Korean Red Ginseng and ginseng leaves, particularly GDF/F4, may possess the protective activity against cartilage degradation in joint disorders, and may have potential as new therapeutic agents.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.1111-1127
• /
• 2023

Health-promoting preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components are postbiotics. Since probiotics are sensitive to heat and oxygen, postbiotics are stable during industrial processing and storage. Postbiotics boost poultry growth, feed efficiency, intestinal pathogen reduction, and health, making them acceptable drivers of sustainable poultry production. It contains many important biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses. Postbiotics revealed promising antioxidant effects due to higher concentrations of uronic acid and due to some enzyme's production of antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases and peroxidases. Postbiotics improve intestinal villi, increase lactic acid production, and reduce Enterobacteriaceae and fecal pH, all of which lead to a better immune reaction and health of the gut, as well as better growth performance. P13K/AKT as a potential target pathway for postbiotics-improved intestinal barrier functions. Similarly, postbiotics reduce yolk and plasma cholesterol levels in layers and improve egg quality. It was revealed that favorable outcomes were obtained with various inclusion levels at 1 kg and 0.5 kg. According to several studies, postbiotic compounds significantly increased poultry performance. This review article presents the most recent research investigating the beneficial results of postbiotics in poultry.