• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.853-859
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• 2017

This study was conducted in an effort to investigate the effect of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on enzymatic browning of burdock and their anti-oxidant activity. The MRPs were prepared by heating glucose and amino acids at $90^{\circ}C$, which served to produce a strong inhibitory effect on burdock polyphenol oxidase. As the reaction time of the solution containing glucose and amino acid increased at $90^{\circ}C$, the production of MRPs increased and intensity of the brown color deepened. When MRPs were prepared by heating at $90^{\circ}C$ for five hours, the absorbance of MRPs from glucose and lysine was 6.44, while those of glucose and glycine was 1.95. The MRPs synthesized from the glucose and lysine also reduced the pH of MRPs from 5.60 to 4.51, but those from glucose and glycine decreased slightly from 5.57 to 5.33. The Michealis-Menten constant value ($K_m$) of burdock PPO with pyrocatechol as a substrate was 16.0 mM, and MRPs were a non-competitive inhibitor against burdock PPO. The anti-oxidant activity of MRPs was measured by evaluating its radical scavenging activities of DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and reducing power. The color intensity of MRPs produced by lysine and glucose were deeper than that produced by glucose and glycine. It was also found that MRPs produced from glucose and lysine exhibited stronger anti-oxidant properties than those produced by glucose and glycine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.555-564
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• 2021

We investigated the effects of naringenin and morin on IL-5 and ROS production in PMA+ionomycin-treated EL-4 cells with the corroboration of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using an asthma-induced mouse model. The EL-4 cell line was used to study the outcomes of naringenin or morin, followed by cell viability studies. Western blot analysis and ELISA test were used to determine Th2 mediated cytokines. In vivo studies were carried out on BALB/c mice to induce allergic asthma using ovalbumin administered intraperitoneally. Intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, followed by serum enzymatic (AST and ALT) estimations and inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues. Histopathological studies were conducted to examine lung tissue-stained architecture. Our findings suggested that naringenin and morin significantly suppressed IL-5 and ROS production via various pathways. Interestingly, by reducing NFAT activity, naringenin and morin stimulated HO-1 expression, thereby suppressing IL-5 secretion due to regulating the transcription factor Nrf2 via P13/Akt or ERK/JNK signalling pathways in EL-4 cells, demonstrating the involvement of HO-1 expression in inhibiting asthmatic inflammation. The increased inflammatory cells in the BALF were substantially decreased by both naringenin and morin, followed by inhibition in the elevated Th-2 cytokines levels. The TNF-α protein levels in an allergic asthma mouse model were significantly reduced by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and eosinophil formation. Recent findings confirmed that naringenin and morin possess the potential to control asthma-related immune responses through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, indicating potential therapeutic agents or functional foods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2023

To enhance the efficacy of Abeliophyllum distichum leaves, extracts were prepared using different solvents for hydrolytic enzyme-treated Abeliophyllum distichum leaves. Physicochemical quality and antioxidant activity were measured. Soluble solids, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols contents showed the lowest values in the control without enzyme treatment. However, they showed high contents in ethanol extract. In the case of enzyme treatment, their values were higher than those of the control. In particular, verbascoside content increased about 220 times more than that of the control group when treated with enzymes and extracted with 50% ethanol. pH was lowered upon enzymatic treatment. Regarding DPPH radical scavenging activity, for enzyme-free, 25% ethanol extract showed the highest activity among extracts with different solvents. For cellulase and pectinase-treated leaves, water extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. For leaves treated with enzyme combination, 50% ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. Regarding ABTS radical scavenging activity, it was generally higher in the 50% ethanol extract than in the water extract and 25% ethanol extract. In particular, verbascoside content was increased when the extract was prepared by co-treatment with enzymes and 50% ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.480-485
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• 2019

The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant capacities of protein hydrolysates from four different edible insects (Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, Allomyrina dichotoma larvae, Gryllus bimaculatus imago, and Tenebrio molitor larvae) which have recently been registered as food varieties in Korea. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from each insect using enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase, and were then separated into a fraction containing ${\leq}3kDa$. According to $RC_{50}$ values and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity results obtained from five different antioxidant analyses, the Gryllus bimaculatus (GB) hydrolysate showed relatively high levels of antioxidant capacity and, in particular, the GB hydrolysate showed considerably strong antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The GB hydrolysate also showed the strongest inhibitory effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid, and its rate of inhibition at $100{\mu}g/mL$ on day 3 of treatment was 60.26%. These results suggest that protein hydrolysates from edible insects including GB represent potential sources of natural antioxidants.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2012

Objective: Coenzyme (CoQ10) is an enzymatic co factor used in normal cellular metabolism. Recent evidence shows that in people with heart disease it can reverse endothelial cell damage in the blood vessels. It is also a potent antioxidant. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: In the present study, endothelial function was evaluated using the response to occlusion and heat before and 2 weeks after administration of CoQ10, 300 mg/day. Thirty Eight subjects, who are physical therapy students, participated in a series of experiments to see if taking 300 mg of CoQ10 daily for 2 weeks would impact resting blood flow in the forearm skin and the blood flow response to 4 minutes of vascular occlusion and the response to local heat ($42^{\circ}C$) for 6 minutes. Results: The results showed that, for this population, there was no difference in the response to heat. However, the response to occlusion was improved after administration of CoQ10. Conclusions: It would appear that in a young population CoQ10 has no effect on the nitric oxide vasodilator pathway in skin but does influence other vasodilator pathways.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.16-24
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• 2016

A new strain of Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from mercury (Hg)-contaminated sites in Taiwan. This bacterium removed more than 80% of Hg present in the culture medium at 12 h incubation and was chosen for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of Hg tolerance/removal abilities in this Pseudomonas sp. We used RNA-seq, one of the next-generation sequencing methods, to investigate the transcriptomic responses of the Pseudomonas sp. exposed to 60 mg/L of Hg²⁺. We de novo assembled 4,963 contigs, of which 10,533 up-regulated genes and 5,451 down-regulated genes were found to be regulated by Hg. The 40 genes most altered in expression levels were associated with tolerance to Hg stress and metabolism. Functional analysis showed that some Hg-tolerant genes were related to the mer operon, sulfate uptake and assimilation, the enzymatic antioxidant system, the HSP gene family, chaperones, and metal transporters. The transcriptome were analyzed further with Gene Ontology (GO) and Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COGs) of proteins and showed diverse biological functions and metabolic pathways under Hg stress.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2008

Dehydrocostus lactone (DHL) and Mokko lactone (ML) were isolated from Saussureae Radix, and their effects on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and hepatoprotection in the liver cell line HepG2 were investigated. DHL induced HO-1 expression and HO activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas ML lacking one double bond property at 11 and 13 carbons on its own chemical structure had no apparent effects. DHL also induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and enhanced antioxidant response element (ARE) activation which mediated HO-1 gene transcription. Pretreatment with DHL protected HepG2 cells against oxidative damages caused by H2O2. Interestingly, the hepatoprotective effects of DHL appeared to be associated with HO enzymatic activation, HO-1 expression and Nrf2 activation, because blockage of HO activity by a HO inhibitor and inhibition of HO-1 and Nrf2 cellular synthesis by small interfering RNA abolished heptoprotection afforded by DHL. Taken together, this investigation provides evidence supporting that Saussureae Radix is hepatoprotective against oxidative stress that causes abnormal liver damages.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.614-620
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• 2005

The antioxidative effect of Ecklonia cava, a brown marine alga, was investigated on radical scavenging, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl and alkyl radicals, using an electron spin resonance (ESR) technique, and on the inhibition of $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage using comet assay. E. cava was enzymatically hydrolyzed with five food industrial proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex) to prepare water-soluble extracts. All the proteolytic hydrolysates exhibited strong dose-dependent radical scavenging activities (above 80%) at a concentration of $2.5\;{\mu}g/mL$. Kojizyme extract (obtained by proteolytic hydrolysation of E. cava with Kojizyme) showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of around 98%. In addition, the $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage was determined using a comet assay, which was quantified by measuring the tail length. Reduction of DNA damage increased with increasing concentrations of Kojizyme extract from E. cava. These results indicated that E. cava has a potential as a valuable natural antioxidative source.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.53-62
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• 2020

Purpose :Periodontal ligament stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis in periodontal ligament. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells isolated from premolar teeth and observe protective effects against oxidative damage caused by Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) following treatment with N-acetylsysteine amide (NACA) drug known as enzymatic antioxidants. Methods : Primary periodontal ligament stem cell (PDSC) culture was performed from simply extracted human premolar of orthodontic patients. The characteristics of the primary cultured PDSCs was analyzed using the FACS system. PDSCs was incubated with TEGDMA and NACA. The cell proliferation and survival was determined using WST-1 assay. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS Window 20. Results : Primary cultured PDSCs grow on the floor and develop rapidly in a cluster form from up to 14 days. The morphology of PDSCs showed the spindle-shaped cells and grew directionally. FACS analysis, In addition, positive expression of visible cells were observed in mesenchymal stem cell biomarkers. PDLSCs cell viability was significantly decreased at high concentration in both 3 and 6 hours after TEGDMA treatment. We observed a decrease in the number of cells as well as a morphological change of PDLSCs. Antioxidative effect was notable since the death of PDLSC death was significantly inhibited compared to the control group at 24 and 48 hours after NACA treatment. Conclusion : Therefore, based on the results of this study, further research should be encouraged considering the development of clinical treatment methods using various antioxidants as well as regenerative engineering techniques utilizing periodontal ligament stem cells.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to evaluate as antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation. Silymarin and silybin extracted from Silybum marianum were successively purified wit solvent fractionation by silica gel column chromatography. These isoflavonoid inhibited superoxide anion production in the xanthine oxidase system. In the rat liver microsomes, silymarin or silybin rapidly inhibited lipid peroxidation which was initiated enzymatically by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) or non-enzymatically by ascorbic acid or Fenton's reagent (H2O2+Fe2+). Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was also inhibited by silymarin and silybin. silymarin and silybin inhibited on terminating radical chain reaction during lipid peroxidation in the enzymatic system of microsomes or in the linoleic acid hydroperoxide induced peroxidation system.