• 미생물학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.212-218
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• 1998

세포외 다당류를 분비하는 새로운 methylotrophic bacteria를 분리하여 세균의 특징과 그 세균이 생산하는 세포외 다당류의 물리 화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 분리균주는 그람음성의 간균으로 편모가 없는 비운동성 세균이며, DNA의 G+C 함량은 53-56%이었고, plasmid를 가지고 있지 않았다. 메탄올과 메틸아민만을 기질로 이용하였으며, 탄소동화경로로는 ribulose monophosphate pathway를 이용하는 절대 methylotrophic bacteria이었다. 성장을 위한 최적온도와 pH는 각각 $35^{\circ}C$와 6.5이었고, 0.5%(v/v)의 메탄올이 포함된 배지에서 가장 빨리 성장하였다(세대시간=2.4시간). 분리균주는 절대 호기성 세균으로 질소원과 산소가 결핍된 조건에서 다량의 세포외 다당류를 분비하였다. 다당류 생산을 위한 최적온도와 pH는 각각 $30^{\circ}C$와 6.5이었고, 1.0%(v/v)의 메탄올이 포함된 배지에서 배지내의 탄소 대질소비가 57.4일 때 가장 많이 생산되었다. 정제된 다당류는 포도당과 galactose로 이루어져 있었다. 에탄올 처리전의 다당류는 낮은 pH에서 더 높은 점도를 보였고, 온도와 염류농도의 변화에도 비교적 안정하였다. 에탄올 처리후의 다당류는 xanthan gum보다 높은 점도를 나타내었고, pH, 온도, 염류농도의 변화에 대해 점도변화가 크지 않았다. 냉동건조된 다당류를 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였을 때, 에탄올 처리전의 다당류는 얇은 막이 겹친 구조를 하고 있었고, 에탄올 처리후의 다당류는 굵은 섬유상의 모습을 띠고 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2018

자유생활아메바인 가시아메바(Acanthamoeba spp.)와 파울러자유아메바(Naegleria fowleri)는 아메바성 뇌염 등 치명적인 질병을 일으키며, 물을 포함한 자연 환경에 널리 분포한다. 가시아메바와 파울러자유아메바가 한국의 주요 상수원수에 존재하는지 알아보기 위해 배양법에 기초한 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용하여 2017년 7월부터 12월 사이에 한국의 52개 주요 상수원수를 조사하였다. 가시아메바와 파울러자유아메바가 각각 42개 시료(80.8%)와 6개 시료(11.5%)에서 검출되었다. 가시아메바의 경우 계절과 상관없이 고른 검출율을 보였으나, 파울러자유아메바는 주로 여름과 가을에 검출되었으며 겨울에는 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 이러한 자유생활아메바가 한국의 상수 원수에도 고루 존재한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2015

Streptococcus mutans triggers dental caries establishment by two major factors. One is synthesis of organic acids which demineralize dental enamel and the other is synthesis of glucans which mediate the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the ethanol extracts of Aconitum koreanum (A. koreanum ) on the growth and acid production of S. mutans. Ethanol extracts of the A. koreanum showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth and acid production of S. mutans, and produced significant inhibition at the concentration of 0.016 mg/ml compared to the control groups (p<0.05). The extracts inhibited S. mutans adherence to hydroxyapatite treated with saliva, and cell adherence was repressed by 50%, 54% at the concentration of 0.063, 0.125 mg/ml. On the study of activation of glucosyltransferase which synthesizes water insoluble glucan form sucrose, the ethanol extract of A. koreanum showed remarkable inhibition over the concentration of 0.016, 0.031, 0.063 and 0.125 mg/ml (p<0.05). Especially on the concentration of 0.063, 0.125 mg/ml, the extracts suppressed the glucan synthesis by 100%. We analyzed the component of the extracts of A. koreanum. The results showed that the extract of A. koreanum had strong phenolic compound, glycosides and organic acids. These results suggest that A. koreanum may inhibit the caries-inducing properties of S. mutans, and which may be related with strong phenolic compound, glycosides and organic acids.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2015

The objectives of this study was to conduct a survey on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to come up with feasible control strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. Depending on the size of the school, 150-200 schoolchildren were recruited for the study. Duplicate Kato-Katz stool smears were prepared from each child and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs. Urine specimens were examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique. After the survey, mass drug administration was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosomiasis and STHs infections, respectively. A total of 5,952 schoolchildren from 36 schools were recruited for the study and had their stool and urine specimens examined. Out of 5,952 schoolchildren, 898 (15.1%) were positive for S. mansoni, 754 (12.6%) for hookworms, 188 (3.2%) for Ascaris lumblicoides, and 5 (0.008%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 5,826 schoolchildren who provided urine samples, 519 (8.9%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. The results revealed that intestinal schistosomiasis, urogenital schistosomiasis, and STH infections are highly prevalent throughought the lake basin. The high prevalence of intestinal and urogenital schistosomisiasis in the study area was a function of the distance from Lake Victoria, the former being more prevalent at localities close to the lake, whilst the latter is more so away from it. Control of schistosomiasis and STHs in the study area requires an integrated strategy that involves provision of health education to communities, regular treatments, and provision of adequate safe water supply and sanitation facilities.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.571-574
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• 2015

In order to determine the status of malaria among schoolchildren on Kome Island (Lake Victoria), near Mwanza, Tanzania, a total of 244 schoolchildren in 10 primary schools were subjected to a blood survey using the fingerprick method. The subjected schoolchildren were 123 boys and 121 girls who were 6-8 years of age. Only 1 blood smear was prepared for each child. The overall prevalence of malaria was 38.1% (93 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable. However, the positive rate was the highest in Izindabo Primary School (51.4%) followed by Isenyi Primary School (48.3%) and Bugoro Primary School (46.7%). The lowest prevalence was found in Muungano Primary School (16.7%) and Nyamiswi Primary School (16.7%). These differences were highly correlated with the location of the school on the Island; those located in the peripheral area revealed higher prevalences while those located in the central area showed lower prevalences. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species (38.1%; 93/244), with a small proportion of them mixed-infected with Plasmodium vivax (1.6%; 4/244). The results revealed that malaria is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania, and there is an urgent need to control malaria in this area.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.553-559
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• 2015

Research on micro-level assessment of the changes of socio-economic status following health interventions is very scarce. The use of household asset data to determine wealth indices is a common procedure for estimating socio-economic position in resource poor settings. In such settings information about income is usually lacking, and the collection of individual consumption or expenditure data would require in-depth interviews, posing a considerable risk of bias. In this study, we determined the socio-economic status of 213 households in a community population in an island in the north-western Tanzania before and 3 year after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. We constructed a household 'wealth index' based housing construction features (e.g., type of roof, walls, and floor) and durable assets ownership (e.g., bicycle, radio, etc.). We employed principal components analysis and classified households into wealth quintiles. The study revealed that asset variables with positive factor scores were associated with higher socio-economic status, whereas asset variables with negative factor scores were associated with lower socio-economic status. Overall, households which were rated as the poorest and very poor were on the decrease, whereas those rated as poor, less poor, and the least poor were on the increase after PHAST intervention. This decrease/increase was significant. The median shifted from -0.4376677 to 0.5001073, and the mean from -0.2605787 (SD; 2.005688) to 0.2605787 (SD; 1.831199). The difference in socio-economic status of the people between the 2 phases was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). We argue that finding of this study should be treated with caution as there were other interventions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections which were running concurrently on Kome Island apart from PHAST intervention.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.535-543
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• 2015

Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.657-664
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• 2019

We identified the echinostome metacercariae in Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR with morphologies of adult worms recovered. Total 20 snails were examined with artificial digestion method and then the collected metacercariae were orally infected to a mouse and a rat. Adult worms recovered from experimental animals were observed with a light microscope and a SEM. The metacercariae were round, 125×123 ㎛ in average size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes (3-week-old in a rat) were elongated, ventrally curved and 5.310×1.023 mm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, prepharynx very short, pharynx well developed, and esophagus relatively short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary round and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom and elongated. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 90×57 ㎛ in average size. In the SEM observation, the head crown prominent, with 43 collar spines resembled with horns of younger stag. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the surface between the head collar and ventral sucker, and their densities were decreased posteriorly. Conclusively, the metacercariae detected in C. chinensis malleata from Lao PDR were identified as those of Echinostoma macrorchis based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.487-492
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• 2020

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite; Toxoplasma gondii, which is one of the most important zoonotic parasite worldwide. In dogs, the sexual reproductive cycle of T. gondii is lacking, and the animals are not widely consumed as food, but they are vital in the mechanical transmission of the parasite. However, there is no present data on the exposure of stray dogs to T. gondii in Malaysia. The objective of this serological survey was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies (IgG) and associated factors in stray dogs in East and West Malaysia. Antibodies to T. gondii were determined in serum samples from 222 stray dogs from 6 different states in East and West Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) using an Indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence for T. gondii was 23.4% (Confidence interval: CI 17.8-29.2%). Stray dogs from Selangor and Kuala Lumpur had the highest seroprevalence (32.4%; CI 13.2-45.5%) and lowest in those from Penang and Kedah (12.5%; CI 1.3-23.5%). Gender and breed were not associated with T. gondii seropositivity. However, adult dogs were more likely to be seropositive for T. gondii (OR=2.89; CI 1.1-7.7) compared with younger dogs. These results revealed that T. gondii is prevalent in stray dogs in the studied areas in Malaysia, and indicative of the level of environmental contamination of this parasite especially in urban areas.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2022

본 실험은 국내 자생하는 한입버섯 균에 대한 특성과 적정 배양 조건을 구명하고 인공재배의 기초적인 자료 활용을 위해 균사체의 특성과 적정 배양 조건에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 한입버섯 KACC52303 균주의 형태 특성은 불규칙형과 굴곡형, 솜털 또는 면과 유사한 질감의 형태를 보였고 미세구조는 후막포자 형성 전 단계로 보였으며 클램프는 보이지 않았다. 적정 배양온도는 중·고온인 25~30℃로 조사되었으며, pH는 약산성 4부터 중성 7까지 범위가 넓게 확인되었다. 적정 영양원에서 탄소원 dextrine 2.5%, 유기질소원 yeast extract 0.1%의 혼합배지에서 균사생장이 양호하였다. 아미노산은 leucine, 유기산은 acetic acid, gluconic acid, 무기염류는 KCl, KH₂PO₄에서 가장 빠른 균사생장을 보였다. 칼럼 시험은 소나무 80%, 미강 10%, 콘코브 10% 톱밥의 혼합 배지에서 가장 양호한 균사생장을 보였다.