• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.280-287
• /
• 2015

The high time-resolution monitoring data are essential to estimate rapid changes in chemical compositions, concentrations, formation mechanisms, and likely sources of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). In this study, $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$, and the number concentration of size-resolved PMs were monitored in Fukuoka, Japan by good time-resolved methods during the springtime. The highest monthly average $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate was found in May ($8.85{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), followed by April ($8.36{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), March ($8.13{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), and June ($7.22{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$). The cases exceed the Japanese central government's safety standard for $PM_{2.5}$ ($35{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) reached 10.11% during four months campaign. The fraction of $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate to $PM_{2.5}$ varied from 12.05% to 68.11% with average value of 35.49% throughout the entire period of monitoring. This high proportion of sulfate in $PM_{2.5}$ is an obvious characteristic of the ambient $PM_{2.5}$ in Fukuoka during the springtime. However, the average fraction of $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate to $PM_{2.5}$ in three rain events occurred during our intensive campaign fell right down to 15.53%. Unusually high $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate (> $30{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) marked on three days were probably affected by the air parcels coming from the Chinese continent, the natural sulfur in the remote marine atmosphere, and a large number of ships sailing on the nearby sea. The theoretical number concentration of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in $PM_{0.5-0.3}$ was originally calculated and then compared to $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate. A close resemblance between the diurnal variations of the theoretically calculated number concentration of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in $PM_{0.5-0.3}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate concentration indicates that the secondary formed $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was the primary form of sulfate in $PM_{2.5}$ during our monitoring period.

• 대기
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.429-438
• /
• 2019

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM_2.5 were measured with Sunset Laboratory Model-5 Semi-Continuous OC/EC Field Analyzer by NIOSH/TOT method at Anmyeondo Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station (37°32'N, 127°19'E) in July and August, 2017. The mean values of OC and EC were 3.7 ㎍ m^-3 and 0.7 ㎍ m^-3, respectively. During the study period, the concentrations of reactive gases and aerosol compositions were evidently lower than those of other seasons. It is mostly due to meteorological setting of the northeast Asia, where the influence of continental outflow is at its minimum during this season under southwesterly wind. While the diurnal variation of OC and EC were not clear, the concentrations of O₃, CO, NOx, EC, and OC were evidently enhanced under easterly wind at night from 20:00 to 8:00. However, the high concentration of EC was observed concurrently with CO and NOx under northerly wind during 20:00~24:00. It indicates the influence of thermal power plant and industrial facilities, which was recognized as a major emission source during KORUS-AQ campaign. The diurnal variations of pollutants clearly showed the influence of land-sea breeze, in which OC showed good correlation between EC and O₃ in seabreeze. It is estimated to be the recirculation of pollutants in land-sea breeze cycle. This study suggests that in general, Anmyeondo station serves well as a background monitoring station. However, the variation in meteorological condition is so dynamic that it is primary factor to determine the concentrations of secondary species as well as primary pollutants at Anmyeondo station.

• 환경정책연구
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.69-91
• /
• 2005

국내 주요 매립장 지역의 휘발성 유기화합물(VOC)에 대한 농도분포와 배출특성을 규명하기 위한 노력의 일환으로, 본 연구진은 주요 매립장지역에 대한 연구를 2000년 9월부터 2004년 12월까지 지속적으로 진행하였다. 본 연구의 일환으로 서울의 난지도 매립장을 위시한 전국의 7개 매립장을 주 조사대상으로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서는 여러 유형의 매립장으로부터 조사한 VOC 배출량자료를 토대로 VOC의 주요 배출원으로 간주할 수 있는 매립장 환경의 배출특성을 정의하고자 하였다. 이들 조사 대상은 1개의 대규모, 5개의 중규모, 2개의 소규모 매립장으로 구성되었다. 이들 지점으로부터 4년 이상 각매립장의 VOC 배출특성을 조사하였다. 이러한 연구자료는 향후 매립장의 VOC 배출에 대한 관리를 위한 여러 가지 기초자료로서 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.93-106
• /
• 2011

2009년 덴마크 코펜하겐에서 개최된 UNFCCC 제15차 당사국 총회(COP15)에서 우리나라는 2020년 BAU 온실가스 배출량 대비 30%의 온실가스를 감축하는 국가 온실가스 중기 감축 목표를 공식적으로 발표한 바 있다. 감축 목표를 성공적으로 달성하기 위해서는 산업계뿐만 아니라 전 국민이 기후변화의 심각성을 이해하고, 온실가스 감축에 적극적으로 참여하도록 하는 것이 필요하다. 그러나 국민에게 다소의 불편을 초래할 수 있는 녹색 생활에의 적극적인 참여는 설득력 있는 정보의 제공 없이 단순한 구호만으로는 이루어질 수 없다. 저탄소 생활 가이드라인을 제안하고 녹색 생활로 인한 온실가스 배출량의 감축 가능성을 과학적으로 제시하여, 기후변화 대응 생활의 패러다임 형성 및 행동 양식을 변화시키도록 유도함으로써 달성할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 생활 속 온실가스를 감축 방안으로써의 쿨맵시와 온맵시에 의하여 냉 난방 수요를 감소시킴으로써 줄일 수 있는 온실가스의 양을 정량화하고자 하였다. 쿨맵시란 여름을 시원하게 보낸다는 의미의 영어 'Cool'과 옷을 차려입은 모양새를 의미하는 순 우리말 '맵시'를 합친 말로, 넥타이를 매지 않으면서도 격식을 지킬 수 있는 시원하고 멋스러운 비즈니스 옷차림을 의미한다. 재킷을 입지 않거나 넥타이를 매지 않는 편안한 차림을 하는 것만으로도 체감온도를 낮춰, 냉방에너지를 절약하고 온실가스를 줄임으로써 지구온난화도 예방하고 건강도 증진하는 친환경 패션이다. 또한, 온맵시는 겨울철에 내복을 입음으로써 체감 온도를 높여 난방 에너지 절약을 가능하게 하는 옷차림이다. 이 캠페인의 중요성은 인지하고 있지만, 쿨맵시 또는 온맵시와 같은 기후복장 착용으로 어느 정도의 에너지 절약과 온실가스 배출량 저감효과가 있는 지에 대한 정량적인 연구는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험을 통해 쿨맵시 및 온맵시 복장 착용에 의한 피부 온도 변화를 측정하여 이를 바탕으로 냉 난방 에너지 절감량과 온실가스 감축잠재량을 산정하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1989

^x As mentioned above, I consider the change of role that is related with Japanese thought of Natural Environmental Conservation, and I divide each part of periods into forest, farmland, open space, urban planning, environmental conservation etc. To summary the content of each period of Natural Environmental Conservation thought is as follows. 1) Previous period before formation(before 1919) In the previous period of Meiji, it could be said that the consciousness of the Natural Environmental Conservation was coming to existence. In this, so called, Natural Environmental Conservation, the thought of Forest Preservation was the main current and it was the thought of territorial integrity for the security of resource, the forestry conservancy and flood control in the forestry farmland. Since the age of Meiji, the theory of Natural Conservation appears from the theory of Japanese landscaping and systematic management about public parks was enforced, but the regular theory of Natural Environmental Conservation did not attain full growth. 2) The period of formation(1919~ 1954) In the period of formation, the base of Natural Environmental Conservation had been established. Parks and Open spaces were admitted as a public facilities in each city, and legislations which supported it had been continuously enacted and so on. In this period, the afforestation counter plan was emphasized on the side of territorial integrity. In the mountainous district. tree planting was emphasized to recover the forest which had been destroied by war. 3) The period of development(1955~ 1974) In the period of development, varied policies was institutionalized for the Natural Environmental Conservation. However, all sorts of development policy had performed simultaneously, thus development had complicated relation with preservation. But after 1970's the framework of system of Natural Environmental Conservation improvement was constituted to control the many kinds of development, and the spontaneous campaign of nature preservation by private lead was being taken root. This is the more progressive period. 4) The pried of root(after 1975) After the latter of 1970's, the role of Natural Environmental Conservation began to take root not in the direction of control but inducement, and, getting out of development - oriented policy, aimed at relation between human being and natural environment and the side of amenity of human environment. Besides, the current of Natural Environmental Conservation had been seperately progressed in the cities and forests. Since this period, it was the character that cities and forests began to be unified as 'amenity'space of man.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제15권9호
• /
• pp.84-95
• /
• 2015

본 논문은 공연예술 콘텐츠 조직이 공공 지원 축소라는 환경 불확실성에 유연하게 대처하며 지속적인 콘텐츠 활동을 영위할 수 있는 전략은 무엇인지를 알아보는 것이 목적이다. '창조경제, 문화융성'의 실현이 문화예술진흥기금의 고갈로 어려움에 처하고, 예술 콘텐츠 환경의 불확실성은 날로 증가하고 있다. 콘텐츠 진흥이란 훌륭한 콘텐츠가 원활하게 창조되고 매개되어 모두가 공연예술 콘텐츠를 풍부하게 향유하는 환경을 만드는 일이다. 영역과 경계를 넘어 다양한 정보를 획득하고, 정보 분석과 지식활동의 확산을 통해 환경에 대응하는 통합된 콘텐츠 진흥 전략이 필요하다. 외부 위기를 기회로 전환하여 불확실성에 대처하고, 내부 약점을 보완하여 혁신을 추진하면, 지속적인 공연예술 콘텐츠 활동이 가능하다. 경계탐색 전략은 환경 변화와 관련한 모든 정보를 취합하고 분석하는 지식활동의 방법으로 불확실성에 대처할 뿐 아니라 조직 내부의 강점들을 외부 환경에 노출시키는 방법으로 조직 활동의 정당성이 외부로 확산되는 혁신 전략이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2016

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major public health problem for all ages. Despite the high prevalence of smoking among the Saudi population, there is limited information about levels of urinary cotinine in Saudi children exposed to SHS. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of schoolchildren to ETS, and measure their urinary cotinine levels. Multistage cluster sampling was carried out, where schoolchildren from 4 schools were randomly chosen from primary schools in Taif city. A questionnaire including questions on SHS exposure and smoking rules in the residence were sent to students parents/guardians. Urine samples were taken and analyzed for total cotinine using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Of the studied children, 38.4% had a smoking father, 61.8%, 41.2% and 49.3% of them were exposed to ETS indoors, outdoors and both indoors and outdoors respectively. The mean urinary cotinine was significantly higher among children exposed to ETS compared to unexposed children. Urinary cotinine levels in children with both indoor and outdoor exposure was significantly higher compared with its level in children with single exposure. A significant positive correlation was found between urinary cotinine concentrations and the number of cigarette packs smoked by parents, and the number of smokers in the residence. The mean urinary cotinine level was significantly higher in children who reported no smoking rules at the residence.. The study revealed a high exposure of Saudi children to ETS. An antismoking media awareness campaign on the harmful effects of ETS should be carried out, in addition to family counseling programs targeted to parents to protect their children from ETS.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2008

The most pivotal approach to improve subway indoor air quality (IAQ) is to examine the emission sources and particulate behavior. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the particulate behavior in the subway. In order to examine IAQ in the subway, a sampling and measurement campaign was carried out for 35 sites during the summer and winter seasons from May, 2005 to February, 2006. In case of 24 hour measurement, the mean concentrations ($PM_{10}$-24 hr) of platform and waiting room were $156.18{\pm}53.79{\mu}g/m^3$ and $111.00{\pm}53.31{\mu}g/ m^3$. Besides, as a result of 20 hour measurement, the mean concentrations ($PM_{10}$-20 hr) of platform and waiting room were $146.09{\pm}53.71{\mu}g/m^3$ and $99.08{\pm}42.77{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. In general, $PM_{10}$-24 hr was higher than $PM_{10}$-20 hr, and both PM concentrations showed a high correlation coefficient (r=0.803). It was found that the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ($l09.56{\pm}28.24{\mu}g/m^3$) in winter was higher than that ($83.66{\pm}57.82{\mu}g/m^3$) in summer.

• 대기
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.267-282
• /
• 2021

Characteristics of carbonaceous components and organic compounds in PM_2.5 over the atmosphere of the Yellow Sea were investigated. PM_2.5 samples were collected onboard the meteorological research vessel, GISANG 1, over the Yellow Sea during the YES-AQ campaign in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The average concentrations of carbonaceous components in this region were 2.59 ± 1.59 ㎍ m^-3 for the OC, 0.24 ± 0.10 ㎍ m^-3 for the EC, 2.14 ± 1.30 ㎍ m^-3 for the WSOC and 1.17 ± 0.94 ㎍ m^-3 for the HULIS-C, respectively. The total concentration of 56 organic compounds (ΣOCs) accounts for 10% of OC. The main group among organic compounds were dicarboxylic acids which account for 57% of ΣOCs, followed by n-alkanoic acids accounting for 34% of ΣOCs. In n-alkanoic acid distribution, hexanoic (C_6:0) and octanoic (C_8:0) acids which are low molecular weight n-alkanoic acids and known as emitted from marine biogenic activities were dominant in this region. Furthermore, non-HULIS-C fraction increased when the air mass originated from the marine region rather than the continental region. When the Asian dust episode was observed, the WISOC concentrations along with the levoglucosan were increased, while the haze episodes caused the increase of WSOC, HULIC-S and DCAs. In this study, we found that the components of carbonaceous and organic aerosols in PM_2.5 over the Yellow Sea were changed with the specific air pollution episodes. It indicates that the physicochemical properties of PM_2.5 can be changed by the air pollution episodes in this region.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2010

In this study, the ionic composition of volcanogenically derived particles and their temporal and spatial distributions have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the volcanic eruption on the local ecosystem and residents. To this end, an intensive field study was conducted to measure the size-segregated particulate matters at the east part of Sakurajima in Japan. Fractionated sampling of particles into > $PM_{10}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ was made by a multi nozzle cascade impactor (MCI). The concentration of various ions present in the size-resolved particles was determined by Ion chromatography. The time dependent 3-dimensional Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion (VAFTAD) model developed by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) indicated that the sampling site of this work was affected by the volcanic aerosol particles plume. The temporal distributions of sulfate and $PM_{2.5}$ during the field campaign were significantly variable with important contributions to particle mass concentration. The chlorine loss, suspected to be caused by acidic components of volcanic gases, occurred predominantly in fine particles smaller than $10\;{\mu}m$.