• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.32-44
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• 2023

A blockchain bridge (hereinafter referred to as "bridge") is a service that enables the transfer of assets between blockchains. A bridge accepts virtual assets from users and delivers the same virtual assets to users on other blockchains. Users use bridges because they cannot transfer assets to other blockchains in the usual way because each blockchain environment is independent. Therefore, the movement of assets through bridges is not traceable in the usual way. If a malicious actor moves funds through a bridge, existing asset tracking tools are limited in their ability to trace it. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to obtain information on bridge usage by identifying the structure of the bridge and analyzing the event logs of bridge requests. First, to understand the structure of bridges, we analyzed bridges operating on Ethereum Virtual Machine(EVM) based blockchains. Based on the analysis, we applied the method to arbitrary bridge events. Furthermore, we created an automated tool that continuously collects and stores bridge usage information so that it can be used for actual tracking. We also validated the automated tool and tracking method based on an asset transfer scenario. By extracting the usage information through the tool after using the bridge, we were able to check important information for tracking, such as the sending blockchain, the receiving blockchain, the receiving wallet address, and the type and quantity of tokens transferred. This showed that it is possible to overcome the limitations of tracking asset movements using blockchain bridges.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-69
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• 2001

A new cost management system, called Activity Based Costing (ABC) system, has arisen to solve the limitation of a Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA) system until last two decades and ABC has been applied by many companies. TCA systems have limitation in tracing cost because they arbitrarily allocate overhead cost to the cost objects without standard for direct cost distribution. ABC is an accounting system that assigns costs to products or services based on the resources they consume. The costs of all activities are traced to the products for which they are performed. Therefore ABC is a cost management system that provides a matrix to accurately quantify consumed resources triggered by activities and activities triggered by products and services. There is little implementation of ABC in the health services field, one of service industries, due to complicated and many activities, and volatile cost object. However, the necessity for applying reasonable cost accounting system is largely issuing as strategy responding hostile environment, and financial pressure, and it is imperative to implement the Activity Based Costing (ABC) system. Therefore, this study presents the framework to develop ABC system for total health service organizations. Cost objects in this study base on medical service activities per health insurance claim from one general hospital located in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Medical service activities include all health insurance claims in the hospital. The purpose of the study is presenting useful tools and basic frame to develop Activity Based Costing system for health service organizations which want to use ABC system. The steps to develop ABC system for health service organizations are following: 1. Identifying of activity centers; 2. Definition of cost objects and activity by activity center; 3. Analysis of activity and tracing activity contribution; 4. Allocation of direct cost for specific activity; 5. Allocation of indirect cost for specific activity; 6. Allocation of depreciation for facilities, applicants, and consumption goods; 7. Allocation of administration cost; 8. Allocation of cost among activity centers; and 9. Tracing cost of cost objects by activity center. This study identified necessary information from existing reports which hospitals generally made by each step, and defined outcome which had to be produced in each step using this information. The steps of this study had limitation to apply all different size hospitals because the steps were structured ABC system by one hospital, however, this study used similar basic framework and methods with general cases. When a health service organization want to apply Activity Based Costing (ABC) system on all activities of it in future days, this study is very useful to design system structure in the health service organization.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.115-130
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• 2004

Plant-based cultural assets using straw and grass as household goods of our people's have been used as indispensable tools for practical living for a very long time. However, only a limited number of artifacts were unearthed so far due to tile fragility of the material. For this reason, research on plant-based cultural properties had close to no progress, and the appropriateness of the PEG method, high-grade alcohol method, alcohol--ether-resin method, and Paraloid B-72 used in preserving plant-based cultural properties has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study examined the weight change rate by applying the methods of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying used mostly as a earth-layer hardening material among PEG and acrylic resin, which are applied widely for preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood, as a means to preserve plant-based cultural properties along with the examination of the subject material, and an experiment was also performed on moisture absorption. The findings as a result were, first, the plant-based material being studied was found to be Typha (Typha orientalis Presl). Secondly, the weight change experiment applying $PEG\#400$ and $PEG\#4000$ confirmed a steady increase of weight if PEG -2Step is used for treatment. Third, in preserving all subject materials with soil, treatment with $PEG\#4000$, Primal MC-76, and vacuum freeze-drying showed that tile vacuum freeze-drying method resulted in the largest or $20\%$ reduction in weight, while Primal MC-76 resulted in $18\%$ and $PEG\#4000$ in $8\%$ of weight reduction. It was concluded that, considering the stability of soil measurement, this came to be because resin permeation was carried out along with tile drying process. Fourth, the weight changes were found to be around $10\%$ in various humidity conditions after the preservation treatment. The greatest weight change rate was seen in the case of $PEG\#4000$, particularly having chemicals gush out in a high humidity (RH $84\%$ or higher) environment. In the case of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying methods, $6\~8\%$ weight changes were detected, and the lowest weight change was found in the case of the vacuum freeze-drying method. Fifth, as for color changes after treatment, blackening occurred most strongly with $PEG\#4000$, while Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying manifested colors closest to dry straw or grass. However, the texture of straw was not very evident in the case of Primal MC-76, due to a glossy surface, but vacuum freeze-drying was found to offer tile best result in terms of texture. Putting together the results of the above experiments, vacuum freeze-drying presented after being treated with PEG2-Step the most stabilized changes in weight, while it offered the smallest change in color as well.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.137-145
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• 2015

This study aimed to develop epoxy putty as a multi-purpose connection and restoration material that can be used for material-specific restoration work such as metal, wood, ceramics, earthenware and stone artifacts by replacing synthetic resins currently being used for preservation treatment of cultural assets. Existing synthetic resins have the issue of cutting force resulting from high strength, deflection resulting from long hardening time, contaminating the surface of artifacts through staining on tools or gloves and need for re-treatment resulting from material discoloration. Accordingly, paste type restoration material most widely being used in the field of cultural assets preservation treatment was selected and examined the property to select it as an object of comparison. Based on such process, epoxy putty was developed according to the kind of agent, hardener and filler. For the purpose of solving the issues of existing material and allowing the epoxy putty developed to have similar property, property experiments were conducted by selecting agents and hardeners with different characteristics and conditions. The study findings showed that both kinds are paste type that improved work convenience and deflection issue as a result of their work time of within 5~10 minutes that are about 3~10 times shorter than that of existing material. In regards to wear rate for increasing cutting force, it improved by about 3 times, thereby allowing easy molding. For the purpose of improving the issue of surface contamination that occurs during work process, talc and micro-ballon were added as filler to reduce the issue of stickiness and staining on hand. Furthermore, a multi-purpose restoration material with low shrinkage, low discoloration and high cutting force was developed with excellent coloring, lightweight and cutting force features.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2012

As increasing the use of pesticides both in number and amount to boost crop production, consumer concerns over food quality and safety with respect to residual pesticides are also continuously increasing. However, there is still lacking of information that can effectively help to remove residual pesticides in foods. In recent years, contaminant removal by gas (or) glow discharge plasma (GDP) attracts great interests on environmental scientists because of its high removal efficiency and environmental compatibility. It was shown to be effective for the removal of some organophosphorus pesticides, phenols, benzoic acid, dyes, and nitrobenzene on solid substrate or in aqueous solution. This work mainly focuses on the removal of wide range of residual pesticides from fresh fruits and vegetables. As for preliminary study, the experiments were carried out to investigate whether GDP can be used as an effective tool for degrading target pesticides or not. With this objective, 60 selected pesticides drop wised onto glass slides were exposed to two types of GDP, dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) and low pressure discharge plasma (LPDP), for 5 min. Then, they were washed with 2 mL MeCN which were collected and used for determination of remaining concentration of pesticides using LC-MS/MS. Among selected pesticides, degradation of 18 pesticides (endosulfan-total was counted as one pesticide) by GDP could not be examined because control treatments, which were left in ambient environment, of those pesticides recovered less than 70% or even did not recover. However, majority of tested pesticides (42) were degraded by both types of GDP with satisfactory recovery (>80%) of control sample. Pesticides degradation ranged from 66.88% to 100% were achieved by both types of plasma except clothianidin which degradation in LPDP was 26.9%. The results clearly indicate that both types of gas discharge plasma are promising tools for degrading wide range of pesticides on glass substrate.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.258-265
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• 2024

Purpose: To date, there is no region-specific guideline for pediatric endoscopy training. This study aimed to illustrate the current status of pediatric endoscopy training in Asia-Pacific region and identify opportunities for improvement. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, using a standardized electronic questionnaire, was conducted among medical schools in the Asia-Pacific region in January 2024. Results: A total of 57 medical centers in 12 countries offering formal Pediatric Gastroenterology training programs participated in this regional survey. More than 75% of the centers had an average case load of <10 cases per week for both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopies. Only 36% of the study programs employed competency-based outcomes for program development, whereas nearly half (48%) used volume-based curricula. Foreign body retrieval, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and esophageal variceal hemostasis, that is, sclerotherapy or band ligation (endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation), comprised the top four priorities that the trainees should acquire in the autonomous stage (unconscious) of competence. Regarding the learning environment, only 31.5% provided formal hands-on workshops/simulation training. The direct observation of procedural skills was the most commonly used assessment method. The application of a quality assurance (QA) system in both educational and patient care (Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network) aspects was present in only 28% and 17% of the centers, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with Western academic societies, the limited availability of cases remains a major concern. To close this gap, simulation and adult endoscopy training are essential. The implementation of reliable and valid assessment tools and QA systems can lead to significant development in future programs.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2019

Environmental changes can affect life-history traits, such as growth rate and reproduction, and organisms adapt on a given environmental condition to maximize ecological fitness. This study shows the effects of water temperature and dissolved oxygen level on early growth and accumulated damage in fish using a dynamic-state-dependent model. I have hypothesized that the level of foraging activity is related to growth and stress and so the optimal level can maximize reproductive success - ultimately, fitness. The critical temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) is also defined as inducing the maximum growth rate at the level. So, the model predicts the highest growth rate at oxygen saturation and lower growth rate at lower or higher level of DO in water. Lower DO (i.e., hypoxia) causes slower growth rate through higher amount of accumulated stress whereas higher DO (i.e., hyperoxia) induces faster growth rate, but smaller body size. In addition, I show that there is lower impact when considering simple or independent environmental factors on environmental assessment. My findings suggest that multiple environmental factors as physiological ecology approach should be considered to improve impact assessment in environmental changes and a further study is needed to develop advanced assessment tools considering multiple environmental factors.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2020

In this paper we propose a for high school students who are attending a nationwide city with experience in Internet pornography, we would like to find out the impact of Internet pornography experience and self-regulation on sex crime harmful behavior. For this study, an Internet panel survey was conducted using a purposeful method of significant allocation inference. During the period, 246 copies of the questionnaire were distributed for about a month from May to June 2018 and 210 parts were analyzed except for 36 parts with no experience of pornographic material, and further analysis was conducted on 85 respondents with experience in harmful behavior of sexual violence. To this end, analysis tools used the SPS WIN 20.0 program version. The research results are as follows. First, we could find that Internet pornography has a negative effect on teenagers. This shows the probability of developing sexual violence into behavior as people can experience pornographic material regardless of their will due to the high Internet access. Second, the self-regulation of sexual violence behavior is found to have no direct impact. This is not just the adolescent's will to do so, but it is affected by the external environment. Third, self-regulation has proven its role as a modulator to mitigate negative perceptions of Internet pornography. Based on this, the proposal for limiting current prices was discussed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 2003

Computer vision technology has been utilized as one of the most powerful tools to automate various agricultural operations. Though it has demonstrated successful results in various applications, the current status of technology is still for behind the human's capability typically for the unstructured and variable task environment. In this paper, a man-machine interactive hybrid decision-making system which utilized a concept of tole-operation was proposed to overcome limitations of computer image processing and cognitive capability. Tasks of greenhouse watermelon cultivation such as pruning, watering, pesticide application, and harvest require identification of target object. Identifying water-melons including position data from the field image is very difficult because of the ambiguity among stems, leaves, shades. and fruits, especially when watermelon is covered partly by leaves or stems. Watermelon identification from the cultivation field image transmitted by wireless was selected to realize the proposed concept. The system was designed such that operator(farmer), computer, and machinery share their roles utilizing their maximum merits to accomplish given tasks successfully. And the developed system was composed of the image monitoring and task control module, wireless remote image acquisition and data transmission module, and man-machine interface module. Once task was selected from the task control and monitoring module, the analog signal of the color image of the field was captured and transmitted to the host computer using R.F. module by wireless. Operator communicated with computer through touch screen interface. And then a sequence of algorithms to identify the location and size of the watermelon was performed based on the local image processing. And the system showed practical and feasible way of automation for the volatile bio-production process.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.222-232
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• 2022

Background: Self-leadership, an action strategy that can maximize individual capabilities, can affect the organizational commitment of dental hygienists and ultimately improve the quality of medical services. This study aims to demonstrate the need for self-leadership and organizational commitment for dental hygienists and develop measures to improve the quality of medical services. Methods: An online survey of dental hygienists working at dental hospitals and clinics in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea was conducted from March 28 to May 1, 2022. A total of 341 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The measurement tools were modified and supplemented based on the theories and models developed by Manz for self-leadership, Mowday for organizational commitment, and Cronin and Taylor for medical services. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, simple regression, and multiple regression analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: In leadership education, self-leadership is based on participation experience, the number of participants, and when and where it is received. Organizational commitment comes from participation experience, and the quality of medical services has been found to affect participation experience and location. Self-leadership had an effect on the quality of medical services (β=0.497, t=10.551, p<0.001; β=0.599, t=13.783, p<0.001; β=0.353, t=7.601, p<0.001) and organizational commitment was found to have a mediating effect. Conclusion: Dental hygienists' self-leadership has a positive effect on the quality of medical services through the formation of appropriate interrelationships within the organization. Therefore, self-leadership programs should be developed, participated in, and promoted to improve the self-leadership of dental hygienists. Moreover, hospitals should improve their environment to provide and improve self-leadership education.