• 공업화학
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.796-803
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• 1997

주쇄형고분자액정(CBA-10)의 PVT와 $^2H$-NMR측정으로 상전이에 따른 열역학적 특성을 고찰하였다. 부피 변화에 의한 NI 및 CN 상전이가 발생하였으며, 일정체적하의 상전이 엔트로피 $({\Delta}S_{NI})_V$와 $({\Delta}S_{CN})_V$값 12.6, $65.3J/mol{\cdot}K$를 각각 구하였으며, 체적변화에 따른 엔트로피는 일정압력하에 얻어진 전이엔트로피의 40~60%정도였다. $^2H$-NMR/RIS 해석으로 nematic conformation을 결정하였으며, NI 및 CN 상전이에 의한 conformation entropy를 구하여 PVT측정에서 구한 일정체적하의 엔트로피와 비교한 결과, 거의 대응하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과로부터 주쇄형액정의 상전이에 있어서 spacer conformation 변화가 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 밝혔다.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1996

Deuterium NMR studies have been carried out for two kinds of main- chain dimer liquid crystals $\alpha$.$\omega$-bis[(4,4`-cyanobipheny0oxy] alkane (CBA-n, n=9,100.The H-NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOP JNM-GSX-500 spectrometer by using deuterium labelled CBA-n at various temperatures. The RIS analysis of the NMR spectra was performed so as to elucidate the conformational characteristics of the spacer in the nematic phase. Following the previous treatment, the single-ordering-matrix model was adopted, in which the molecular axis was defined parallel to the line connecting the centers of the terminal mesogenic cores. Conformer fractions of the spacer were estimated by simulation so as to reproduce the observed NMR profile. The conformational entropy changes at both CN and NI interphases were estimated on the basis of the nematic conformations taken from the conformation map as well as those derived from the simulation. In these calculations the spacer was assumed th by in the all-trans conformation and in the random coil stats in the crystal and isotropic phases respectively. The esimated conformational entropy change values were then compared with the corresponding constant-volume entropies obtained from PVT measurements. The correspondence between both entropy values was found to be quite good in consideration of the uncertainties involved in both experiment and calculations.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.508-521
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• 2020

We compared a novel encoding Lempel-Ziv complexity (ELZC) with three common complexity algorithms i.e., approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and classic Lempel-Ziv complexity (CLZC) so as to determine a satisfied complexity and its corresponding quality indices for assessing quality of multi-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). First, we calculated the aforementioned algorithms on six artificial time series in order to compare their performance in terms of discerning randomness and the inherent irregularity within time series. Then, for analyzing sensitivity of the algorithms to content level of different noises within the ECG, we investigated their change trend in five artificial synthetic noisy ECGs containing different noises at several signal noise ratios. Finally, three quality indices based on the ELZC of the multi-lead ECG were proposed to assess the quality of 862 real 12-lead ECGs from the MIT databases. The results showed the ELZC could discern randomness and the inherent irregularity within six artificial time series, and also reflect content level of different noises within five artificial synthetic ECGs. The results indicated the AUCs of three quality indices of the ELZC had statistical significance (>0.500). The ELZC and its corresponding three indices were more suitable for multi-lead ECG quality assessment than the other three algorithms.

• Metals and materials international
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2018

Microstructural properties of as-grown and annealed CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) oxynitride thin films were investigated. The CoCrFeMnNi HEA oxynitride thin film was grown by magnetron sputtering method using an air gas, and annealed under the argon plus air flow for 5 h at $800^{\circ}C$. The as-grown film was homogeneous and uniform composed of nanometer-sized crystalline regions mixed with amorphous-like phase. The crystalline phase in the as-grown film was face centered cubic structure with the lattice constant of 0.4242 nm. Significant microstructural changes were observed after the annealing process. First, it was fully recrystallized and grain growth happened. Second, Ni-rich region was observed in nanometer-scale range. Third, phase change happened and it was determined to be $Fe_3O_4$ spinel structure with the lattice constant of 0.8326 nm. Hardness and Young's modulus of the as-grown film were 4.1 and 150.5 GPa, while those were 9.4 and 156.4 GPa for the annealed film, respectively.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.518-528
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• 1992

To determine the optimal conformation of sulfonylureas, the correlation between conformation and hypoglycemic activity of the two sulfonylureas of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide as hypoglycemic agent was studied using an empirical potential function (ECEPP/2) and the hydration shell model in the unhydrated and hydrated states. The conformational energy was minimized from several starting conformations with possible torsion angles in each molecule. The conformational entropy change of each conformation was computed using a harmonic approximation. To understand the hydration effect on the conformation of the molecules in aqueous solution, the contribution of water-accessible volume of each group or atom in the lowest-free-energy conformation was calculated and compared each other. From comparison of the computed lowest-free-energy conformations of two sulfonylureas, it could be suggested that the hydration of sulfonylurea moiety is related to increase the hypoglycemic activity. From the calculation results, it was known that the conformational entropy is the major contribution to stabilize the low-free-energy conformations of two sulfonylureas in unhydrated state. Whereas, in hydrated state, the hydration free energy largely contributes to the total free energies of low-free-energy conformations of tolbutamide and conformational entropy contributes to stabilize the low-free-energy conformations of chlorpropamide. The torsion angles from phenyl ring to urea moiety of the low-free-energy conformations of the two sulfonylureas were shown the nearly regular trend. On the basis of these results, the conformation exhibiting the optimal hypoglycemic activity of sulfonylureas and the binding direction to pancreatic receptor site A could be predicted. Also, according to the side chain lengthening of urea moiety, tolbutamide showed various conformational change. Therefore, steric effect may be important factor in the interaction between sulfonylureas and the putative pancreatic receptor.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2008년도 Asian Magnetics Conference
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2008

• 대한화학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.186-196
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• 2008

연구에서는 고체와 기체의 용해에 대한 대학생들의 열역학적인 이해 정도를 조사하였다. 연구 대상은 서울 지역 대학교 3학년 학생 34명이며, 용해 개념 검사지를 사용하였다. 검사지는 고체 염화나트륨과 기체 이산화탄소가 물에 용해될 때 각각의 엔탈피 변화, 엔트로피 변화, 온도에 따른 용해도 변화를 물어보는 6개의 문항으로 구성하였다. 검사지 응답을 분석한 결과 용해시 엔탈피 변화에 대한 학생들의 이해 정도는 높지 않았으며 많은 학생들이 고체 용해에 대해 용질-용매간 인력이 용질-용질간 인력보다 커야 용해가 일어난다고 생각하여 발열 과정으로 응답하였고, 또 용해가 자발적으로 일어나기 위해서는 엔탈피가 감소해야 한다고 생각하여 변화의 자발성이 엔탈피 변화에만 의존하는 것으로 생각하고 있었다. 용해시 엔트로피 변화에 대해서는 엔탈피 변화보다는 이해 정도가 높았으며 대부분 무질서도의 개념으로 이를 설명하였다. 온도에 따른 용해도 변화에 대해서는 대부분 그 방향에 대해서는 옳은 응답을 하였으나 이를 엔탈피 변화와 관련지어 설명한 학생은 25%정도밖에 되지 않았는데, 용해시 엔탈피 변화의 부호를 잘못 인식한 학생들은 올바른 설명을 할 수 없었기 때문이다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1987

By using a complete rate constant($k_e$) which treats a solvent (water) as a reactant, and a conventional rate constant($k_c$), which ignores the solvent in describing the rate, the parameters ${\Delta}V^{\neq}_s,\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_s\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s$ were introduced. These quantities represent the volume change, the enthalpy change, and the entropy change accompanying the electrostriction which occurs when solvent molecules condense on the activated complex. The authors measured the rates of the solvolysis of benzoyl chloride in water-acetone mixtures at $15^{\circ}$ to $30^{\circ}C$ and 1 bar to 2500 bars. Applying the authors' theory to the experimental results, the parameters, ${\Delta}V^{\neq}_s,\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_s\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s$ were evaluated, and it was found that they are all negative, indicating that water dipoles condense on the activated complex. They also proposed the following equations: ${\Delta}H^{\neq}_c\;=\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_e\;+\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_s\;and\; {\Delta}S^{\neq}_c\;=\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_e\;+{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s\;,\;where\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_c\;and\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}_c\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s $are the activation enthalpy change and the activation entropy change for the conventional reaction rate, respectively, and ${\Delta}H^{\neq}_e$ and ${\Delta}S^{\neq}_e$ are the corresponding quantities for the complete reaction rate. The authors proposed that for the $SN_1$ type, all the quantities, ${\Delta}V^{\neq}_s,\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s\;,{\Delta}H^{\neq}_s\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}_s$ are comparatively large, and for the $SN_2$ type, these quantities are smaller than for the $SN_1$ type, and occasionally the case ${\Delta}S^{\neq}_e$ < 0 occurs. Using these criteria, the authors concluded that at high temperature, high pressure and for a high water content solvent, the SN_1$ type mechanism predominates whereas in the reversed case the $SN_2$M type predominates.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.407-416
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• 2019

아닐린 수용액에서의 암모늄형 양이온성 계성면활성제 (DTAB, TTAB 및 CTAB)의 미셀화에 대한 임계미셀농도(CMC)값을 UV-Vis법으로 측정하였다. 290K ~ 314K 사이에서 측정된 양이온성 계면활성제의 CMC값의 변화로부터 미셀화에 대한 Gibbs 자유에너지(${\Delta}G^0$)값을 구하고, 이 값으로부터 엔탈피(${\Delta}H^0$)와 엔트로피(${\Delta}S^0$)를 계산하고 분석하였다. 또한 n-부탄올 및 염화나트륨의 농도 변화가 미셀화에 미치는 영향을 열역학적 함수를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 실험한 온도 구간 및 첨가제의 농도 범위 내에서 측정된 모든 ${\Delta}G^0$ 값은 음의 값을 나타냈었으며, 엔탈피(${\Delta}H^0$) 변화값은 모두 음의 값을 그리고 엔트로피(${\Delta}S^0$) 변화값은 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다. 아닐린 수용액에서 양이온성 계면활성제의 미셀화는 자발적 발열반응이며, 열역학적 값들로부터 계산된 등구조온도에 의하면 이들 계면활성제의 미셀화는 엔탈피(${\Delta}H^0$)와 엔트로피(${\Delta}S^0$)가 거의 동일하게 기여하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.271-286
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• 2013

Recently, a pixel-chaotic-shuffling (PCS) method has been proposed by Huang et al. for encrypting color images using multiple chaotic systems like the Henon, the Lorenz, the Chua, and the Rossler systems. All of which have great encryption performance. The authors claimed that their pixel-chaotic-shuffle (PCS) encryption method has high confidential security. However, the security analysis of the PCS method against the chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) and known-plaintext attack (KPA) performed by Solak et al. successfully breaks the PCS encryption scheme without knowing the secret key. In this paper we present an improved shuffling pattern for the plaintext image bits to make the cryptosystem proposed by Huang et al. resistant to chosen-plaintext attack and known-plaintext attack. The modifications in the existing PCS encryption method are proposed to improve its security performance against the potential attacks described above. The Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changed Intensity (UACI), information entropy, and correlation coefficient analysis are performed to evaluate the statistical performance of the modified PCS method. The simulation analysis reveals that the modified PCS method has better statistical features and is more resistant to attacks than Huang et al.'s PCS method.