• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2000

점증하는 적조로부터 수산피해를 줄이는 것은 시급한 문제이다. 황토를 살포하여 적조생물입자를 응집 제거하는 것이 하나의 방법이 되고 있다. 황토를 이용하여 적조생물입자에 대한 응집실험을 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 본 실험에 사용한 황토입자의 입도 분포는 정규분포를 보여주는 하나의 peak로 나타났으며, 입자의 평균 지름은 $25.0 {\mu}m$이고, 약$84.5{\%}$의 황토입자가 $9.8-55.0{\mu}m$의 범위에 속하며 변동계수는 $65.1{\%}$이었다. 황토의 금속성분을 분석한 결과는 규소 (Si)가 $48{\%}$, 알루미늄 (Al)이 $35{\%}$, 철 (Fe)이 $11{\%}$로서 $94{\%}$를 차지하며 나머지 $48{\%}$는 칼릅 (K), 구리 (Cu), 아연 (Zn), 티타늄 (Ti) 등으로 구성되어 있었다. 전자현미경 사진에 나타난 황토입자의 표면은 거칠고 다공질이며 부정형의 입자로 되어 있었다. 황토입자는 $10^(-3)M$ NaCl의 수용액 중에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 negative zeta potential 값이 증가하여 pH 9.36에서 -71.3mV를 나타내고 이후 거의 일정한 값을 나타내었으며, pH 1.98에서 +1.8 mV를 나타내어 amphoteric surface charge를 가지는 물질의 성질을 나타내었다. 전하결정이온은 $H^+, OH^-$ 이온이고, pH 2 부근에서 PZPC를 나타내었다. 용액의 전해질이 NaCl일 경우 $10^(-2)M (pNa=2)$ 이상의 농도에서는 $Na^+$ 이온의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 황토입자의 negative zeta potential 값은 일률적으로 감소하다가 $Na^+$ 이온의 농도가 1M (pNa=0)이 되었을 때 zeta potential은 0에 근접하였다. 용액의 전해질이 2 :l electrolyte ($CaCl_2$와 $MgCl_2$)의 경우 $Ca^(+2)$ 이온의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 황토입자의 negative zeta potential 값이 일률적으로 감소하다가 약 $10^(-3)M (pCa=3)$의 농도에서 등전점을 나타내고 전하역전이 일어났다. 해수중의 황토와 적조생물 입자는 비슷한 negative zeta potential을 나타내었고, 점토 중에서 해사가 가장 큰 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. 해수중에서 황토입자와 적조생물입자의 EDL은 해수에 포함된 고농도의 염류 농도로 인하여 극히 얇게 압축되고, 이런 상태에서 두 입자가 상호 접근할 경우 모든 간격에서 LVDW attractive force의 절대값이 EDL repulsive force의 절대값보다 항상 큰 값을 나타낸다. 해수중에서 황토입자와 적조생물입자는 모든 간격에서 negative total interaction energy 값 (attractive force)을 나타내어 항상 용이하게 floe을 형성할 수밖에 없는 조건에 있다. 적조생물입자의 응집제거 효율은 황토의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 지수함수적 ($Y=36.04{\times}X^(0.11); R^2=0.9906$)으로 증가하였으며, 황토의 농도 800mg/l까지 급격한 증가를 보이다가 황토의 농도가 계속 증가함에 따라서 완만한 증가를 나타내었다. 적조생물은 황토 6,400mg/l에서 거의 $100{\%}$ 응집제거 되었다. 황토 800 mg/l을 사용하고 G-value를 $1, 6, 29, 139 sec^(-1)$로 단계적으로 증가시킴에 따라 응집제거 효율은 지수함수적으로 증가하였다. 이는 응집반응의 효율을 높이기 위해서는 황토입자와 적조생물입자 사이에 충분한 충돌이 일어날 수 있도록 교반하는 것이 매우 중요함을 나타내 주는 것이다. $800mg/l$의 농도에서 황토는 철을 함유하지 않은 다른 점토보다 $28.8{\~}60.3{\%}$ 더 높은 처리효율을 나타내었다. 황토에는 >SiOH의 음전하단과 수중의 phenolphthalein alkalinity를 소모하는 수화금속화합물의 양전하단이 공존하며, 이 수화금속화합물에 의하여 황토가 나머지 점토 특히 해사와 다른 응집특성을 보여주는 것으로 생각된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 네트워크 기반 대용량의 자원들을 효율적으로 검색하기 위해 사용자의 요구사항에 기반해 검색에 요구되는 태그들 간의 의미론에 기반한 동적 가상 온톨로지(Dynamic Virtual Ontology using Tags: DyVOT)를 추출하고 이를 이용한 동적 검색 방법론을 제안한다. 태그는 소셜 네트워크 서비스를 지원하거나 이로부터 생성되는 정형 및 비정형의 다양한 자원들에 대한 자원을 대표하는 특성을 포함하는 메타적 정보들로 구성된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 태그들을 이용해 자원의 관계를 정의하고 이를 검색 등에 활용하고자 한다. 관계 등의 정의를 위해 태그들의 속성을 정의하는 것이 요구되며, 이를 위해 태그에 연결된 자원들을 이용하였다. 즉, 태그가 어떠한 자원들을 대표하고 있는 지를 추출하여 태그의 성격을 정의하고자 하였고, 태그를 포함하는 자원들이 무엇인지에 의해 태그간의 의미론적인 관계의 설정도 가능하다고 보았다. 즉, 본 연구에서 제안하는 검색 등의 활용을 목적으로 하는 DyVOT는 태그에 연결된 자원에 근거해 태그들 간의 의미론적 관계를 추출하고 이에 기반 하여 가상 동적 온톨로지를 추출한다. 생성된 DyVOT는 대용량의 데이터 처리를 위해 대표적인 예로 검색에 활용될 수 있으며, 태그들 간의 의미적 관계에 기반해 검색 자원의 뷰를 효과적으로 좁혀나가 효율적으로 자원을 탐색하는 것을 가능하도록 한다. 이를 위해 태그들 간의 상하 계층관계가 이미 정의된 시맨틱 태그 클라우드인 정적 온톨로지를 이용한다. 이에 더해, 태그들 간의 연관관계를 정의하고 이에 동적으로 온톨로지를 정의하여 자원 검색을 위한 동적 가상 온톨로지 DyVOT를 생성한다. DyVOT 생성은 먼저 정적온톨로지로부터 사용자 요구사항을 포함하는 태그를 포함한 부분-온톨로지들을 추출하고, 이들이 공유하는 자원의 정도에 따라 부분-온톨로지들 간의 새로운 연관관계 여부를 결정하여 검색에 요구되는 최소한의 동적 가상 온톨로지를 구축한다. 즉, 태그들이 공유하는 자원이 무엇인가에 의해 연관관계가 높은 태그들 간에는 이들의 관계를 설명하는 새로운 클래스를 가진 생성된 동적 가상 온톨로지를 이용하여 검색에 활용한다. 온톨로지의 인스턴스는 자원으로 정의되고, 즉 이는 사용자가 검색하고자 하는 해로서 정의된다. 태그들 간의 관계에 의해 생성된 DyVOT를 이용해 기존 정적 온톨로지나 키워드 기반 탐색에 비해 검색해야 할 자원의 량을 줄여 검색의 정확성과 신속성을 향상 시킨다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-107
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• 2019

온라인 소비자는 쇼핑 웹사이트에서 특정 제품군이나 브랜드에 속한 제품들을 둘러보고 구매를 진행할 수 있고, 혹은 단순히 넓은 범위의 탐색 반경을 보이며 여러 페이지들을 돌아보다 구매를 진행하지 않고 이탈할 수 있다. 이러한 온라인 소비자의 행동과 구매에 관련된 연구는 꾸준히 진행되어왔으며, 실무에서도 소비자들의 행동 데이터를 바탕으로 한 서비스 및 어플리케이션이 개발되고 있다. 최근에는 빅데이터 기술의 발달로 소비자 개인 단위의 맞춤화 전략 및 추천 시스템이 활용되고 있으며 사용자의 쇼핑 경험을 최적화하기 위한 시도가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 이와 같은 시도에도 온라인 소비자가 실제로 웹사이트를 방문해 제품 구매 단계까지 전환될 확률은 매우 낮은 실정이다. 이는 온라인 소비자들이 단지 제품 구매를 위해 웹사이트를 방문하는 것이 아니라 그들의 쇼핑 동기 및 목적에 따라 웹사이트를 다르게 활용하고 탐색하기 때문이다. 따라서 단지 구매가 진행되는 방문 외에도 다양한 방문 형태를 분석하는 것은 온라인 소비자들의 행동을 이해하는데 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 온라인 소비자의 탐색 행동의 다양성과 복잡성을 설명하기 위해 실제 E-commerce 기업의 클릭스트림 데이터를 기반으로 세션 단위의 클러스터링 분석을 진행해 탐색 행동을 유형화하였다. 이를 통해 각 유형별로 상세 단위의 탐색 행동과 구매 여부가 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 소비자 개인이 여러 방문에 걸친 일련의 탐색 유형에 대한 패턴을 분석하기 위해 순차 패턴 마이닝 기법을 활용하였으며, 같은 기간 내에 제품 구매까지 완료한 소비자와 구매를 진행하지 않은 채 방문만 진행한 소비자들의 탐색패턴에 대한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 시사점은 대규모의 클릭스트림 데이터를 활용해 온라인 소비자의 탐색 유형을 분석하고 이에 대한 패턴을 분석해 구매 과정 상의 행동을 데이터 기반으로 설명하였다는 점에 있다. 또한 온라인 소매 기업은 다양한 형태의 탐색 유형에 맞는 마케팅 전략 및 추천을 통해 구매 전환 개선을 시도할 수 있으며, 소비자의 탐색 패턴의 변화를 통해 전략의 효과를 평가할 수 있을 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.603-618
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• 2023

사용후핵연료(Spent nuclear fuel; SNF) 심지층 처분장의 완충재 소재로서 WRK (waste repository Korea) 벤토나이트가 적합한 지를 평가하기 위하여, 대표적인 방사성 핵종인 U (uranium)에 대한 WRK 벤토나이트의 흡/탈착 특성과 흡착 기작을 규명하는 다양한 분석, 흡/탈착 실내 실험, 동역학 흡착 모델링을 다양한 pH 조건에서 수행하였다. 다양한 특성 분석 결과, 주성분은 Ca-몬모릴로나이트이며, U 흡착 능력이 뛰어난 광물학적·구조적 특징들을 가지고 있었다. WRK 벤토나이트의 U 흡착 효율 및 탈착율을 규명하기 위한 흡/탈착 실험 결과, pH 5, 6, 10, 11 조건에서 WRK 벤토나이트와 U 오염수(1 mg/L)가 낮은 비율(2 g/L)로 혼합되었음에도 불구하고 높은 U 흡착 효율(>74%)과 낮은 U 탈착율(<14%)을 보였으며, 이는 WRK 벤토나이트가 SNF 처분장에서 U 거동을 제한하는 완충재 소재로서 적절하게 사용될 수 있음을 의미한다. pH 3과 7 조건에서는 상대적으로 낮은 U 흡착 효율(<45%)이 나타났으며, 이는 U가 용액의 pH 조건에 따라 다양한 형태로 존재하며, 존재 형태에 따라 상이한 U 흡착 기작을 가지기 때문으로 판단된다. 본 연구 실험 결과와 선행연구를 바탕으로 WRK 벤토나이트의 주요 화학적 U 흡착 기작을 pH 범위에 따라 용액 내 U의 존재 형태에 근거하여 설명하였다. pH 3 이하에서 주로 UO₂²⁺ 형태로 존재하는 U는 벤토나이트 표면의 Si-O 또는 Al-O(OH)와의 정전기적 인력(예: 이온 결합)에 의해 흡착되기 때문에 pH가 감소할수록 음전하 표면이 약해지는 WRK 벤토나이트 특성에 의해 비교적 낮은 U 흡착 효율이 나타났다. pH 7 이상의 알칼리성 조건에서 U는 음이온 U-수산화 복합체(UO₂(OH)₃^-, UO₂(OH)₄^2-, (UO₂)₃(OH)₇^- 등)로 존재하며 비교적 높은 흡착 효율이 나타내는데, 이들은 벤토나이트에 포함된 Si-O 또는 Al-O(OH)의 산소원자를 공유하거나 리간드 교환에 의해 새로운 U-복합체가 형성되어 흡착되거나 수산화물 형태의 공침(co-precipitation)에 의해 벤토나이트에 고정되기 때문이다. pH 7의 중성 조건에서는 pH 5와 6보다 오히려 낮은 U 흡착 효율(42%)이 나타났는데, 이러한 결과는 용액 내 존재하는 탄산염(carbonate)에 의해 U가 U-수산화 복합체보다 용해도가 높은 U-탄산염 복합체로 존재하는 경우 가능하다. 연구 결과 pH를 약산성 또는 염기성 조건으로 유지하거나 용액 내 존재하는 탄산염을 제한함으로써 WRK 벤토나이트의 U 흡착 효율을 높일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.67-88
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• 2018

최근까지도 중소기업의 지속성장 및 경쟁력 확보에 대한 중요함을 인식함에 따라, 정부 차원에서의 유형 자원(R&D 인력, 자금 등)에 대한 지원이 주로 투입되어 왔다. 그러나 사업지원의 적절성이나 효과성, 효율성 면에서 서로 상충되는 정책부분이 존재하여 과소 지원이나 중복 지원 등 지원체계의 비효율성 문제가 제기되어온 것도 사실이다. 정부나 기업 관점에서는 중소기업의 한정된 자원으로 인해, 외부와의 협력을 통한 기술개발 및 역량강화가 기업의 경쟁우위를 창출하는 근간이라 보고 있으며, 이를 위한 가치창출 활동을 강조하고 있다. 기업 레벨에서의 지식생태계 구축을 통해 일련의 가치사슬로부터 기업거래 관계를 분석하고 결과를 가시화할 수 있는 밸류체인 네트워크 분석이 필요한 것도 이 때문이다. 특허/제품/기업명 검색을 통해 관련 제품의 정보나 특허 보유 기업의 기술(제품) 현황 정보를 제공하는 기술기회발굴시스템(Technology Opportunity Discovery system), 기업(재무)정보와 신용정보을 열람하게 해주는 CRETOP이나 KISLINE 등은 존재하고 있으나 밸류체인 네트워크 분석기반으로 유사(경쟁)기업의 리스트나 향후 거래 가능한 잠재 거래처 정보를 제공해주는 시스템은 부재한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 고에서는 KISTI에서 개발 운영중인 기업 비즈니스 전략수립 지원 파트너인 '밸류체인 네트워크 시스템(Value Chain Network System : VCNS)'을 중심으로, 탑재된 네트워크 기반 분석모듈의 유형, 이를 지원하는 참조정보 및 데이터베이스(D/B)의 구성 로직과 시스템 활용방안을 고찰하며, 산업구조를 이해하고 기업의 신제품 개발을 위한 핵심정보가 되고 있는 지능형 밸류체인 분석 시스템의 네트워크 가시화 기능을 살펴보기로 한다. 한 기업이 다른 기업 대비 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해서는 보유 특허 또는 현재 생산하고 있는 제품에 대한 경쟁자 식별이 필요하며, 세부 업종별 유사(경쟁)기업을 탐색하는 일은 대상기업의 사업화 경쟁력 확보에 핵심이 된다. 또한 기업간 비즈니스 활동인 거래정보는 유사 분야로 진출할 경우 잠재 거래처 정보를 제공하는 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 이러한 기업간 판매정보를 기반으로 구축된 네트워크 맵을 활용하여 기업 또는 업종 수준의 경쟁자를 식별하는 일은 밸류체인 분석의 핵심모듈로 탑재될 수 있다. 밸류체인 네트워크 시스템(VCNS)은 단순 수집된 종래의 기업정보에 밸류체인(value chain) 및 산업구조 분석개념을 접목하여 개별 기업의 시장경쟁 상황은 물론 특정 산업의 가치사슬 관계를 파악할 수 있다. 특히 업종구조 파악, 경쟁사 동향 파악, 경쟁사 분석, 판매처 및 구매처 발굴, 품목별 산업동향, 유망 품목 발굴, 신규 진입기업 발굴, VC별 핵심기업 및 품목 도출, 해당 기업별 보유 특허 파악 등 기업 레벨에서의 유용한 정보분석 툴로 활용 가능하다. 또한, 거래처 정보 및 재무데이터로부터 분석된 결과의 객관성 및 신뢰성을 기반으로, 현재 국내에서 이용 중인 15,000여개 회원기업과 연구개발서비스업 종사자, 출연(연) 및 공공기관 등에서 사업평가 정보지원, R&D 의사결정 지원 및 중 단기 수요예측 전망 등 다양한 목적(용도)에 밸류체인 네트워크 시스템을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 기업의 사업경쟁력 강화를 위해 정부기관 및 민간 연구개발서비스 기업을 중심으로 기술(특허) 및 시장정보가 제공되어 왔으며, 이는 특허분석(등급, 계량분석 위주) 또는 시장분석(시장보고서 기반 시장규모 및 수요예측 위주)의 형태로 지원되어 왔다. 그러나 기업이 사업화진출 단계에서 겪게 되는 애로요인의 하나인 정보부족을 해결하는데 한계가 있었으며, 특히 경쟁기업 및 거래가능 기업 후보군에 대한 탐색정보는 입수하기 어려웠다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 네트워크맵 및 보유 데이터 기반의 실시간 밸류체인 가시화 서비스모듈이 중견 중소기업이 당면한 신규시장 진출시 경쟁기업 대비 예상점유율, (예상)매출액 수준, 어느 기업을 컨택하여 유통망(원자재/부품에 대한 공급처, 완제품/모듈에 대한 수요처)을 확보할 지에 대한 핵심정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 향후 연구에서는 대체기업(또는 대체품목) 경쟁지표의 개발과 연구주체의 참여를 통한 경쟁요인별 지표의 고도화 연구, VCNS의 성능향상을 위한 데이터마이닝 기술 및 알고리즘을 추가 반영하도록 수행하고자 한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.