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Comparative Evaluation for Environmental Impact of Rapeseed and Barley Cultivation in Paddy Field for Winter using Life Cycle Assessment (겨울논 유채와 보리 재배시 전과정평가 방법을 이용한 환경영향 비교 평가)

  • Hong, Seung-Gil;Shin, JoungDu;Park, Kwang-Lai;Ahn, Min-Sil;Ok, Yong-Sik;Kim, Jeong-Gyu;Kim, Seok-Cheol
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.59-68
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    • 2016
  • The application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental impact of rapeseed cultivation in winter fallow after harvesting rice was investigated and compared with barley cultivation in crop rotation system. Data for input materials were collected and analyzed by 1 ton rapeseed and barley as functional unit. For the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) the Eco-indicator 95 method has been chosen because this is well documented and regularly applied impact method. From the comparison of impact categories such as greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acidification, heavy metals, carcinogens, summer smog, and energy resources for 1 ton of final product, emission potential from rapeseed was higher than that from barley. The range from 65 to 96% of these potential came from chemical fertilizer. On the other hand, eutrophication potential from barley was higher than that from rapeseed, mainly came from utilizing the chemical fertilizer. During the cultivation of barley and rape, environmental burden by heavy metals was evaluated by 0.5 Pt, larger than points from other impact categories. The sum of points from all impact categories in barley and rapeseed was calculated to be 0.78 Pt and 0.82 Pt, respectively. From the sensitivity analysis for barley and rapeseed, scenario 1 (crop responses to fertilization level) showed the environmental burden was continuously increased with the amount of fertilization in barley cultivation, while it was not increased only at the optimum crop responses to fertilization in rapeseed (R3). With these results, rapeseed cultivation in winter fallow paddy contributed to the amounts of environmental burden much more than barley cultivation. It is, however, highly determined that environmental weighted point resulted from evaluating both cultivation was not significantly different.

Prediction of Forest Fire Danger Rating over the Korean Peninsula with the Digital Forecast Data and Daily Weather Index (DWI) Model (디지털예보자료와 Daily Weather Index (DWI) 모델을 적용한 한반도의 산불발생위험 예측)

  • Won, Myoung-Soo;Lee, Myung-Bo;Lee, Woo-Kyun;Yoon, Suk-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2012
  • Digital Forecast of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) represents 5 km gridded weather forecast over the Korean Peninsula and the surrounding oceanic regions in Korean territory. Digital Forecast provides 12 weather forecast elements such as three-hour interval temperature, sky condition, wind direction, wind speed, relative humidity, wave height, probability of precipitation, 12 hour accumulated rain and snow, as well as daily minimum and maximum temperatures. These forecast elements are updated every three-hour for the next 48 hours regularly. The objective of this study was to construct Forest Fire Danger Rating Systems on the Korean Peninsula (FFDRS_KORP) based on the daily weather index (DWI) and to improve the accuracy using the digital forecast data. We produced the thematic maps of temperature, humidity, and wind speed over the Korean Peninsula to analyze DWI. To calculate DWI of the Korean Peninsula it was applied forest fire occurrence probability model by logistic regression analysis, i.e. $[1+{\exp}\{-(2.494+(0.004{\times}T_{max})-(0.008{\times}EF))\}]^{-1}$. The result of verification test among the real-time observatory data, digital forecast and RDAPS data showed that predicting values of the digital forecast advanced more than those of RDAPS data. The results of the comparison with the average forest fire danger rating index (sampled at 233 administrative districts) and those with the digital weather showed higher relative accuracy than those with the RDAPS data. The coefficient of determination of forest fire danger rating was shown as $R^2$=0.854. There was a difference of 0.5 between the national mean fire danger rating index (70) with the application of the real-time observatory data and that with the digital forecast (70.5).

An Analysis on the Change of Smart City Space: Convergence Change of District, Street, Building and Facility (스마트시티 공간의 변화 분석: 지구, 가로, 건물, 시설의 융합 변화)

  • Han, Ju Hyung;Lee, Sang Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.537-550
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    • 2018
  • The development focus of a smart city has been changed gradually from a physical development aspect to a space development aspect. In a space development aspect, the major application technologies are Environment Technology (ET), Information Technology (IT) and Environment Information Technology. On the other hand, it is unclear if the space convergence in a smart city has been changed by the 3 technologies. Therefore, specific analysis was performed on the convergence change of smart city 4 spaces (District, Street, Building, Facility) using the 3 technologies. The convergence distribution ratio according to the periods (period 1 : 1972~1999, period 2 : 2000~2009, period 3 : 2010~2017) among the spaces, ET (Environment Technology), IT (Information Technology), ET+IT (Environment Information Technology) in a smart city were examined. The smart city was high in the order of 'District (53/43%) - Building (36/29.1%) - Street (22/17.9%) - Facility (12/10.0%)' in the number of applications and ratio of convergence (Technology Convergence) at Period 1 (1972~1999). The smart city was high in the order of 'District (223/32.4%) - Building (197/28.6%) - Street (195/28.3%) - Facility (74/14.8%)' in the number of applications and ratio of convergence (Technology Convergence) at Period 2 (2000~2009). At period 3, the District (467/33%) was also the highest. On the other hand, the street (384/27.4%) was higher than the building (361/25.8%) and facility (188/13.4%) in smart city space. Fourth, the smart city was high in the order of 'District - Building - Street - Facility' in the number of applications and ratio of convergence (Technology Convergence) at Periods 1 (1972~1999) and 2 (2000~2009). In contrast, the average of number was high in the order of 'Building - Street - District - Facility'. At period 3(2010~2017), the number of applications and the ratio of convergence was high 'District - Street - Building - Facility'; the average of number was the same as in period 1 and 2. As a result, smart city space has been changed by the development of macroscopic urban spaces in the initial stage. Since then, district space-centric development and building space are confused with devices/technologies and changed for citizen inflow. The building space has evolved continually and smart city space will be expected to revitalize the street space connecting completed buildings.

A Study of Cleaning Technology for Zirconium Scrap Recycling in the Nuclear Industry (원자력산업에서 지르코늄 스크랩 재활용을 위한 세정기술에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Ji-Eun;Cho, Nam-Chan;An, Chang-Mo;Noh, Jae-Soo;Moon, Jong-Han
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.264-271
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    • 2013
  • In this study, we optimized the removal condition of contaminants attached on the scrap surface to recycle the scrap generated from the Zr alloy tube manufacturing process back to the nuclear grade. The main contaminant is remnant of watersoluble cooling lubricant that is used in the pilgering manufacture during the tube production, and it is assumed to be compressed and carbonized on the surface of tube. Zirlo alloy tube of ${\phi}9.50mm$, which has high occurrence frequency of scrap, was selected as the object to be cleaned, and cleaning abilities of reagents were evaluated by measuring the characteristics of contaminants remained and by analyzing the surface of the tube after cleaning process. For evaluation of each cleaning agent, we selected two types of sodium hydroxide series and three types of potassium hydroxide series. Furthermore, to confirm dependence on tempe-rature and ultrasonic intensities, cleaning at the room temperature, $40^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$ was conducted, and results showed that higher the cleaning temperature and higher the ultrasonic intensity, better the cleaning effect. As a result of the bare-eye inspection, while the use of sodium hydroxide provided satisfactory condition on the tube surface, the use of potassium hydroxide series provided satisfactory condition on the tube surface only when the ultrasonic intensity was over 120 W. In the cleaning effect analysis using the gravimetric method, cleaning efficiency of sodium hydroxide series was as high as 97.6% ($60^{\circ}C$, 120 W), but since the tube surface condition was poor after the use of potassium hydroxide, the gravimetric method was not appropriate. In the analytical result of surface contaminants on the tube surface, C, O, Ca, and Zr were detected, and mainly C and O dominated the proportion of contaminants. It was also found that the degree of cleaning on the tube affected the componential ratio of C and O; if the degree of cleaning is high, or if cleaning is well-conducted, the proportion of C is decreased, and the proportion of O is increased. Based on these results, optimal cleaning for application in the industry can be expected by categorizing cleaning process into three steps of Alkali cleaning, Rinsing, and Drying and by adjusting cleaning parameters in each step.

A Study on the Estimation for the Guaranteed Strength and Construction Quality of the Combined High Flowing Concrete in Slurry Wall (지하연속벽용 병용계 고유동 콘크리트의 시공 품질 및 보증강도 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Kwon, Yeong-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.18 no.6 s.96
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    • pp.811-817
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    • 2006
  • The primary purpose of this study is to estimate the guaranteed strength and construction quality of the combined high flowing concrete which is used in the slurry wall of underground LNG storage tank. The required compressive strength of this type of concrete become generally known as a non economical value because it is applied the high addition factor for variation coefficients and low reduction factor under water concrete. Therefore, after estimation of the construction quality and guaranteed strength in actual site work, this study is to propose a suitable equation to calculate the required compressive strength in order to improve its difference. Application results in actual site work are shown as followings. The optimum nix design proportion is selected that has water-cement ratio 51%, sand-aggregate ratio 48.8%, and replacement ratio 42.6% of lime stone powder by cement weight. Test results of slump flow as construction quality give average 616~634mm. 500mm flowing time and air content are satisfied with specifications in the rage of 6.3 seconds and 4.0% respectively. Results of strength test by standard curing mold show that average compressive strength is 49.9MPa, standard deviation and variation coefficients are low as 1.66MPa and 3.36%. Also test results by cored cylinder show that average compressive strength is 66.4MPa, standard deviation and variation coefficients are low as 3.64MPa and 5.48%. The guaranteed strength ratio between standard curing mold and cored cylinder show 1.23 and 1.32 in the flanks. It is shown that applied addition factor for variation coefficients and reduction factor under water concrete to calculate the required compressive strength is proved very conservative. Therefore, based on these results, it is proposed new equation having variation coefficients 7%, addition factor 1.13 and reduction factor 0.98 under water connote.

Clinical Application of in Vivo Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy of Pelvis (골반부 방사선 치료 환자에서 in vivo 선량측정시스템의 임상적용)

  • Kim, Bo-Kyung;Chie, Eui-Kyu;Huh, Soon-Nyung;Lee, Hyoung-Koo;Ha, Sung-Whan
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 2002
  • The accuracy of radiation dose delivery to target volume is one of the most important factors for good local control and less treatment complication. In vivo dosimetry is an essential QA procedure to confirm the radiation dose delivered to the patients. Transmission dose measurement is a useful method of in vivo dosimetry and it's advantages are non-invasiveness, simplicity and no additional efforts needed for dosimetry. In our department, in vivo dosimetry system using measurement of transmission dose was manufactured and algorithms for estimation of transmission dose were developed and tested with phantom in various conditions successfully. This system was applied in clinic to test stability, reproducibility and applicability to daily treatment and the accuracy of the algorithm. Transmission dose measurement was performed over three weeks. To test the reproducibility of this system, X-tay output was measured before daily treatment and then every hour during treatment time in reference condition(field size; $10 cm{\times} 10 cm$, 100 MU). Data of 11 patients whose pelvis were treated more than three times were analyzed. The reproducibility of the dosimetry system was acceptable with variations of measurement during each day and over 3 week period within ${\pm}2.0%$. On anterior- posterior and posterior fields, mean errors were between -5.20% and +2.20% without bone correction and between -0.62% and +3.32% with bone correction. On right and left lateral fields, mean errors were between -10.80% and +3.46% without bone correction and between -0.55% and +3.50% with bone correction. As the results, we could confirm the reproducibility and stability of our dosimetry system and its applicability in daily radiation treatment. We could also find that inhomogeneity correction for bone is essential and the estimated transmission doses are relatively accurate.

Application Effect of Heating Energy Saving Package on Venlo Type Glasshouse of Paprika Cultivation (파프리카 재배 벤로형 유리온실에서 난방에너지 절감 패키지 기술 적용효과)

  • Kwon, Jin Kyung;Jeon, Jong Gil;Kim, Seung Hee;Kim, Hyung Gweon
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.225-231
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    • 2016
  • Glasshouse heating package technologies to improve energy usage efficiency in winter were developed. Heating package was composed of the ground water source heat pump with heating capacity of 105kW, the aluminum multi-layer thermal curtain with six layers of different materials and the root zone local heater with XL pipes of ${\phi}20mm$. Venlo type glasshouse($461m^2$) with the heating package was compared with the same type and area control glasshouse with the light oil boiler, the usual non-woven fabric thermal curtain with respect to the glasshouse inside temperature, relative humidity, crop growth, and heating energy consumption. The results of test in paprika cultivation glasshouses showed that the air temperature inside glasshouse with aluminum multi-layer thermal curtain was maintained $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of control glasshouse in un-heating night time and the temperature in bed with root zone local heating was $4.7^{\circ}C$ higher than that in bed without local heating. Average heating coefficient of performance(COP) of the ground water source heat pump used in paprika cultivation was 3.7 and the glasshouse inside temperature was maintained at $21^{\circ}C$ of heating set up temperature. The heating energy consumptions per 10a were measured at 14,071L of light oil and 364kWh of electric power for the control glasshouse and 35,082kWh for the glasshouse applied heating package. As results, the heating cost of the glasshouse applied heating package was 87 percent lower than that of control glasshouse. The growths of paprika in glasshouses of control and applied heating package did not show any significant difference.

Movement for the Various Coated and Uncoated Potassium(K) Fertilizers in the Turfgrass Soils of Golf Course (골프장의 잔디 토양에서 다양한 코팅 및 비코팅 칼륨(K) 비료의 이동성 평가)

  • Kim, Hong-Ki;Han, Seok-Soon;Kwon, Sang-Moon;Kim, Hee-Jung;Woo, Sun-Hee;Lee, Moon-Soon;Baek, Ki-Tae;Lee, Bong-Gyu;Lee, Sang-Sung;Kim, In-Su;Chung, Keun-Yook
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.133-142
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    • 2009
  • This study was initiated to evaluate the K leaching potential in the green soils and K uptake by the turfgrass in the golf course using the K fertilizers. The turfgrass, Floradwarf bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon L. $P_{ERS}$.) was planted and grown in the mixture of sand and peat moss in this lysimeter study. Eight representative K fertilizers, such as, monopotassium phosphate (MKP), KCL, $K_2SO_4$, $KNO_3$, CKCl, $CK_2SO_4$, $CKNO_3$, and 0-20-20(liquid) were used in this study. Based on the total K quantity of leachate collected during the whole 12 weeks, 0-20-20 is the K fertilizers the most contributing to the leaching of K, then MKP, the second, KCL, the third, and finally $KNO_3$ are K fertilizers contributing to the K leaching. However, most amount of K applied and collected in the lysimeter were leached during the first period of two and four weeks, compared to that of K leached during the second period of six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks. Application of CKCL and $CK_2SO_4$ producted the largest amount of total dry matter, then MKP and KCL, $KNO_3$ and $CKNO_3$, 0-20-20 in second group. However, except $K_2SO_4$, most K fertilizer sources such as MKP, KCL, $KNO_3$, CKCL, $CK_2SO_4$, $CKNO_3$, 0-20-20 showed the largest amount of K uptake, except $K_2SO_4$. Therefore, based on the K leaching, dry matter production, and plant K uptake, it appears that the coated fertilizers, CKCL, $CKNO_3$, and $CK_2SO_4$ are the environmentally sound fertilizers recommended in the turfgrass green soil of golf course.

Value of Geologic·Geomorphic Resources of Danyang-gun and Its Application from Geotourism Perspective (단양지역 지질·지형자원의 가치와 지오투어리즘 관점에서의 활용방안)

  • Jeong, Su-Ho;Gwon, Ohsang;Kim, Taehyung;Naik, Sambit Prasanajt;Lee, Jinhyun;Son, Hyorok;Kim, Young-Seog
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.53 no.1
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    • pp.45-69
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    • 2020
  • In Danyang area, various geological structures as well as various lithology and strata are well developed, which are useful for studying paleo-environment and structural movements, and also typical karst landforms, wethering landforms and river landforms. If geologically and geomorphologically valuable resources are used in terms of geotourim perspective, it is expected that revitalization of regional economy through diversification of attracting factors and employment creation of local people. Danyang has many excellent geological resources for geological field trip, they can greatly contribute to the development of geology such as expanding the base of geology and cultivating successive generations. In this study, we have evaluated newly discovered sites and previously excavated resources based on academical and educational values. By using these geological and geomorphological resources, we suggest three geotrail courses as follows. First, Geo-trail A is mainly focused on geological structures (Route A: Jeong Hwan Route), where we can learn geological deformation and movement through various brittle and ductile deformation structures. Second, Geo-trail B is mainly focused on stratigraphic importance (Route B: Soon-Bok Route), which emphasizes on various rocks, strata and contact relationship. Third, Geo-trail C is mainly focused on geomorphological landforms and landscapes (Route C: Satgat Route), which provide information about different geomorphological landforms and the interaction between different geological agents. In order to operate these geotrail courses efficiently, installation of explanation boards and view points, cultivate local commentators, and visitor centers and experience programs should be properly prepared together.

A Knowledge-based Approach for the Estimation of Effective Sampling Station Frequencies in Benthic Ecological Assessments (지식기반적 방법을 활용한 저서생태계 평가의 유효 조사정점 개수 산정)

  • Yoo, Jae-Won;Kim, Chang-Soo;Jung, Hoe-In;Lee, Yong-Woo;Lee, Man-Woo;Lee, Chang-Gun;Jin, Sung-Ju;Maeng, Jun-Ho;Hong, Jae-Sang
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.147-154
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    • 2011
  • Decision making in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Consultation on the Coastal Area Utilization (CCAU) is footing on the survey reports, thus requires concrete and accurate information on the natural habitats. In spite of the importance of reporting the ecological quality and status of habitats, the accumulated knowledge and recent techniques in ecology such as the use of investigated cases and indicators/indices have not been utilized in evaluation processes. Even the EIA report does not contain sufficient information required in a decision making process for conservation and development. In addition, for CCAU, sampling efforts were so limited that only two or a few stations were set in most study cases. This hampers transferring key ecological information to both specialist review and decision making processes. Hence, setting the effective number of sampling stations can be said as a prior step for better assessment. We introduced a few statistical techniques to determine the number of sampling stations in macrobenthos surveys. However, the application of the techniques requires a preliminary study that cannot be performed under the current assessment frame. An analysis of the spatial configuration of sampling stations from 19 previous studies was carried out as an alternative approach, based on the assumption that those configurations reported in scientific journal contribute to successful understanding of the ecological phenomena. The distance between stations and number of sampling stations in a $4{\times}4$ km unit area were calculated, and the medians of each parameter were 2.3 km, and 3, respectively. For each study, approximated survey area (ASA, $km^2$) was obtained by using the number of sampling stations in a unit area (NSSU) and total number of sampling stations (TNSS). To predict either appropriate ASA or NSSU/TNSS, we found and suggested statistically significant functional relationship among ASA, survey purpose and NSSU. This empirical approach will contribute to increasing sampling effort in a field survey and communicating with reasonable data and information in EIA and CCAU.