• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1499-1528
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• 2015

The yielding mechanisms of reinforced concrete (RC) structures are the main cause of the collapse of RC buildings during earthquake excitation. Nowadays, the application of earthquake energy dissipation devices, such as viscous dampers (VDs), is being widely considered to protect RC structures which are designed to withstand severe seismic loads. However, the effect of VDs on the formation of plastic hinges and the yielding criteria of RC members has not been investigated extensively, due to the lack of an analytical model and a numerical means to evaluate the seismic response of structures. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive investigation of how damper devices influence the yielding mechanisms of RC buildings subjected to seismic excitation. For this purpose, adapting the Newmark method, a finite element algorithm was developed for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings equipped with VDs that are subjected to earthquake. A special finite element computer program was codified based on the developed algorithm. Finally, a parametric study was conducted for a three-story RC building equipped with supplementary VD devices, performing a nonlinear analysis in order to evaluate its effect on seismic damage and on the response of the structure. The results of this study showed that implementing VDs substantially changes the mechanism and formation of plastic hinges in RC buildings.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권7_spc호
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• pp.553-560
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• 2016

After an earthquake occurred in the Gyeongju, 2016, many low-story buildings have been questioned in terms of the seismic performance since mostly they have been exempted from the seismic design requirement since 1988. In this study, a 3-story moment resisting frame (MRF) building was analyzed and evaluated the seismic performance. Due to the insufficient seismic performance required for the seismic performance levels, three different seismic retrofit schemes were proposed and their seismic performances were re-evaluated. While steel brace and open shear wall retrofit systems mainly focused on the strength retrofit, the VES damper retrofit system is mainly to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of the system and resultes in the increased ductility. The original building and 3 retrofitted buildings were evaluated using the nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analyses and suggestions were proposed. Through the analysis of nonlinear time history and push-over using MIDAS/Gen program, damages of the building in terms of top story and average story drift and effect of reinforcement were analyzed.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.809-828
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• 2008

Real-time hybrid testing is an attractive method to evaluate the response of structures under earthquake loads. The method is a variation of the pseudodynamic testing technique in which the experiment is executed in real time, thus allowing investigation of structural systems with time-dependent components. Real-time hybrid testing is challenging because it requires performance of all calculations, application of displacements, and acquisition of measured forces, within a very small increment of time. Furthermore, unless appropriate compensation for time delays and actuator time lag is implemented, stability problems are likely to occur during the experiment. This paper presents an approach for real-time hybrid testing in which time delay/lag compensation is implemented using model-based response prediction. The efficacy of the proposed strategy is verified by conducting substructure real-time hybrid testing of a steel frame under earthquake loads. For the initial set of experiments, a specimen with linear-elastic behavior is used. Experimental results agree well with the analytical solution and show that the proposed approach and testing system are capable of achieving a time-scale expansion factor of one (i.e., real time). Additionally, the proposed method allows accurate testing of structures with larger frequencies than when using conventional time delay compensation methods, thus extending the capabilities of the real-time hybrid testing technique. The method is then used to test a structure with a rate-dependent energy dissipation device, a magnetorheological damper. Results show good agreement with the predicted responses, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method to test rate-dependent components.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

In this study, the effectiveness of a multi-action hybrid damper (MHD) composed of lead rubber bearing (LRB) and friction pad was verified in terms of seismic performance improvement of a frame structure. The LRB and the friction elements are connected in series, so the LRB governs the intial small deformation and the friction determines large deformation behavior. Cyclic loading tests were conducted by using a half scale steel frame structure with the MHD, and the results indicated that the structure became to have the stable trilinear hysteresis with large initial stiffness and first yielding due to the LRB, and the second yielding due to the friction. The MHD could significantly increase the energy dissipation capacity of the structure and the hysteresis curves obtained by tests were almost identical to the analytically estimated ones.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권2호
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• pp.147-161
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• 2022

The Brace-Type Shear Fuse (BSF) device is a newly proposed steel damper with excellent cumulative ductility and stable energy dissipation. In consideration of the current situation where there are not many alternatives for transversal seismic devices used in long-span three-tower self-anchored bridges (TSSBs), this paper implements improved BSFs into the world's longest TSSB, named Jinan Fenghuang Yellow River Bridge. The new details of the BSF are developed for the TSSB, and the force-displacement hysteretic curves of the BSFs are obtained using finite element (FE) simulations. A three-dimensional refined finite element model for the research TSSB was established in SAP2000, and the effects of BSFs on dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the TSSB under different site conditions were investigated by the numerical simulation method. The results show that remarkable controlling effects of BSFs on seismic response of TSSBs under different site conditions were obtained. Compared with the case without BSFs, the TSSB installed with BSFs has mitigation ratios of the tower top displacement, lateral girder displacement, tower bending moment and tower shear force exceeding 95%, 78%, 330% and 346%, respectively. Meanwhile, BSFs have a sufficient restoring force mechanism with a minor post-earthquake residual displacement. The proposed BSFs exhibit good application prospects in long-span TSSBs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.315-337
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• 2023

The steel structure is an assembly of individual structural members joined together by connections. The connections are the focal point to transfer the forces which is susceptible to damage easily. It is challenging to replace the affected connection parts after an earthquake. Hence, steel plates are utilised as a structural fuse that absorbs connection forces and fails first. The objective of the present research is to develop a beam-column end plate connection with single and dual fuse and study the effect of single fuse, dual fuse and combined action of fuse and damper. In this research, seismic resilient beam-column end plate connection is developed in the form of structural fuse. The novel connection consists of one main fuse was placed horizontally and secondary fuse was placed vertically over main fuse. The specimens are fabricated with the variation in number of fuse (single and dual) and position of fuse (beam flange top and bottom). From the fabricated ten specimens five specimens were loaded monotonically and five cyclically. The experimental results are compared with Finite Element Analysis results of Arunkumar and Umamaheswari (2022). The results are critically assessed in the aspect of moment-rotation behaviour, strain in connection components, connection stiffness, energy dissipation characteristics and ductility. While comparing the performance of total five specimens, the connection with fuse exhibited superior performance than the conventional connection. An equation is proposed for the moment of resistance of end-plate connection without and with structural fuse.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2024

This study investigates a new seismic retrofit system that utilizes rotational friction dampers and axial springs. The retrofit system involves a steel frame with rotational friction dampers (RFD) at beam-column joints and linear springs at the corners, providing energy dissipation and self-centering capabilities to existing structures. The axial spring acts as a self-centering mechanism that eliminates residual deformations, while the friction damper mitigates seismic damage. To evaluate the seismic performance of the proposed retrofit system, a series of cyclic loading tests were carried out on a steel beam-column subassembly equipped with the proposed devices. An analytical model was then developed to validate the experimental results. A performance point ratio (PPR) was presented to optimize the design parameters of the retrofit system, and a performance-based seismic design strategy was developed based on the PPR. The retrofit system's effectiveness and the presented performance-based design approach were evaluated through case study models, and the analysis results demonstrated that the developed retrofit system and the performance-based design procedure were effective in retrofitting structures for multi-level design objectives.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2003

구조물은 지진, 풍랑 등과 같은 외부의 충격에 대해서 노출되어 있기 때문에 대규모의 피해가능성이 항상 존재한다. 이러한 외부에 대한 충격흡수 장치는 여러 가지가 있다. 이러한 기구 중에서 널리 사용되고 있는 것이 기계적 에너지를 소산시키는 유압 감쇠기이다 본 논문에서는 유압 감쇠기의 단점을 보완하고 보다 효율이 높은 감쇠기를 나노기술을 응용하여 새로운 감쇠기에 대한 기초적 이론연구를 하였다. 새로운 감쇠기는 내부에 점성 유체 대신에 무기재료의 입자를 유체와 혼합하여 사용하였고 오리피스를 생략함으로 해서 보다 간단한 구조로 설계하였다. 나노 단위 기공에서의 유동 현상을 설명하기 위해서는 기존의 유체역학에 대한 지배방정식 및 가설들이 더 이상 적용이 되지 않는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 지금까지 명확하게 규명되지 않았던 감쇠기의 열 발생, 나노 유동, 그리고 에너지 소산에 대한 이론적 해석을 수행하였다. 그리고 다공 입자 구조에 따른 에너지 소산에 대한 영향을 모델링하여 조사하였다. 감쇠 효과를 검토하기 위해 기존의 유압 감쇠기와 에너지 소산효율을 비교하였다. 또한 감쇠 효율을 수치적인 해석결과와 실험 결과를 서로 비교하여 검토하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2020

구조물을 구성하고 있는 콘크리트의 경우, 진동에 대한 감쇠성능이 작아, 구조물에서 발생하는 다양한 진동 문제를 해결하는데 어려움이 있으므로, 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 최근 폴리머 콘크리트와 복합구조 댐퍼를 혼합하여 댐핑 성능을 크게 증가시킨 고 감쇠 시스템에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 한편, 폴리머 콘크리트는 배합 시, 시멘트와 물을 사용하지 않아, 경화시간이 매우 짧고, 물리적 특성 및 동특성 등이 매우 우수하여 진동저감이 요구되는 건축구조물에의 폭넓은 활용이 기대되는 구조재료이며, 복합구조 댐퍼는 파이프 관 내부에 위치한 쇠구슬의 충돌에 따른 운동에너지 소산과 점성유체의 에너지 소산 방식을 통해 진동을 저감하는 구조시스템이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 폴리머 콘크리트와 복합구조 댐퍼의 물리적, 동적 특성을 일반 콘크리트와 비교하였는데, 물리적 특성의 경우, 폴리머 콘크리트가 탄성계수 및 강도 특성에서 상당히 우수한 결과를 보였으며, 특히 인장강도는 6.5~10배 이상 큰 차이를 보였다. 또한, 동적 특성의 경우도 폴리머 콘크리트는 일반 콘크리트 대비 동적강성은 25%, 감쇠비는 약 3배 정도 증가하였으며, 복합구조 댐퍼는 동적강성은 비슷한 경향을 보였지만 감쇠비는 3.5배 이상 증가하여, 일반 콘크리트보다 진동 감쇠성능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2023

보통중심가새골조는 단순한 설계절차를 갖는 이점이 있다. 이와 같은 이유로, 지진하중에 대한 내진성능이 다른 골조 시스템에 비해 크게 효과적이지 않음에도 불구하고 중간 또는 낮은 수준의 지진을 받는 소규모 골조 구조물에 널리 사용되어 왔다. 횡방향 지진 하에서 압축 거동에 대해 취약한 가새부재를 갖는 보통중심가새골조의 내진성능을 향상시키기 위해, 통상적으로 점성감쇠기에 의한 내진보강이 도입되어 왔다. 하지만, 점성감쇠기 자체는 일반적으로 구조물을 원래 위치로 복원시킬 수 있는 강성을 갖지 않는다. 이는 구조물에 잔류 변위를 유발시킬 수도 있다. 이 논문에서는 휨강성을 갖는 상·하부 보가 비선형-탄성 스프링 역할을 하여 외부 변위 이력을 받는 스프링-감쇠기 시스템을 원래 위치로 복원시키는 자가복원형 점성감쇠기 시스템이 개발되었다. 단순화된 골조 구조물에 대한 수치해석은 개발된 자가복원형 점성감쇠기 시스템을 포함할 경우 지진이 가해지는 동안 에너지 소산을 통해 어떻게 골조 구조물의 향상된 내진성능을 가져오는지 보여준다.