• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2001년도 공동 춘계학술대회
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• pp.98.2-98
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• 2001

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• 환경생물
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2003

환경오염이 심각해짐에 따라 국내외적으로 환경에 대한 관심이 고조되고 인체에 해를 끼치는 환경요인으로부터 방어하기 위한 많은 노력들이 기울여지고 있다. 특히 내분비계장애물질이 생식기능과 면역기능을 약화시키고, 행동 이상을 일으키며, 암 발생률을 높인다는 점이 밝혀지기 시작하면서 많은 연구들이 발표되고 여러 가지 방법들이 내분비계장애물질과 더불어 환경분야연구에 응용되어왔지만 단백질을 대상으로 연구하여 유전자기능을 연구하는 프로테오믹스(proteomics) 연구를 접목시키려는 시도가 아직까지는 빈약하다. 프로테오믹스는 기능을 갖는 단백질들의 발현을 종합적이고 정량적으로 측정하는 가장 직접적인 수단이고, 질병, 약물투여, shock 등 생물학적인 동요(perturbation)에 의하여 변하는 단백질들의 발현양상의 변화를 정확하게 관찰할 수 있으며, 생체내 유전자발현의 궁극적인 양상을 규명할 수 있고, 또한 유전자, 단백질 및 질병간의 연결고리를 제공한다. 기존의 biomarker는 다른 질병 표지자와 연관성이 높아 직접적인 유해물질 노출 위험도를 정확히 판정하기 어렵다. 따라서 대량발굴탐색(high-throughput screen-ing)이 가능한 2차원 전기영동 분석과 MALDI-TOF 또는 protein chip array와 SELDI-TOF에 의한 단백질 분자구조 분석기술 및 이들을 지원하는 생물정보학(bio-informatics)의 발전을 이용하여 환경독성 연구에 이용 할 수 있는 표적단백질(biomarker)발굴에 적절한 이용이 가능할 것이다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

Many of endocrine disrupting chemicals induce effects via interaction with hormone receptors and responsive elements in target cells. We investigated endocrine disrupting effects of some food additives and contaminants including BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, CPM, aflatoxin B1, cadmium chloride, genistein, TCDD and PCBs in yeast transformants expressing human steroid hormone receptors along with steroid responsive elements. The response limit of genetically recombinant yeast to $17{\beta}$-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone was $1{\times}10^{-16},\;1{\times}10^{-12}\;and\;1{\times}10^{-13}M$, respectively. BHT induced weak transcriptional activity in estrogen sensitive yeast, while BHA and sorbic acid interacted weakly with androgen receptor/responsive element. CPM induced transcriptional activities in all types of yeasts sensitive to steroid hormones. Zearalenone and genistein induced high transcriptional activation in estrogen sensitive yeast with relative potencies almost $10^8$ folds lower than $17{\beta}$-estradiol. TCDD induced transcriptional activation weakly in estrogen- and progesterone- sensitive yeasts. This study elucidated that recombinant yeast is a sensitive and high-throughput system and can be used for the direct assessment on chemical interactions with steroid receptors and responsive elements. Also, the present study raises the requirement of evaluation on the endocrine disrupting effects of BHT, BHA, sorbic acid, CPM and TCDD for their transcription activity in yeast screening system though weak in intensity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6121-6125
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• 2014

Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a potential biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) but its level is known to be affected by many background factors and roles of ubiquitous toxicants have not been determined. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous reproductive toxicants used in consumer products, which promote tumor formation in some reproductive model systems by binding to AhR, but human data on its expression in prostate cancer as well as its association with PSA levels are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of AhR and its association with serological levels of PSA and to detect possible effects of background factors and EDC exposure history on PSA levels in PCa cases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the tissue levels of AhR and serum levels of PSA in 53 PCa cases from 2008-2011 and associations between each and background and lifestyle related factors were determined. Results: Although the AhR was overexpressed in PCa and correlated with the age of patients, it did not correlate with PSA levels.Of nutritional factors, increased intake of polysaturated fats and fish in the routine regimen of PCa cases increased the PSA levels significantly. Conclusions: AhR overexpression in PCa pontws to roles of EDCs in PCa but without any direct association with PSA levels. However, PSA levels are affected by exposure to possible toxicants in foods whichneed to be assessed as possible risk factors of PCa in future studies.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Thousands of new chemicals have been introduced to environment during last decades. Many of them and common consumer products have been shown to be the endocrine disrupting chemicals. One such chemical group is the phthalates, used in soft poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material and in a huge number of consumer products. The prevalence of these modem chemicals have a remarkable increase. Approximately 3.5 million tons of the main phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are produced annually worldwide and indeed, DEHP is considered a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. It has been demonstrated that high doses of phthalate can adversely affect adult and developing animals. In this review, we critically discuss the conclusions of recently original research papers and provide an overview of studies on reproductive disrupting effects of phthalates. In addition, we review the reproductive toxicity data of phthalates in some in vitro research and in both male and female reproductive systems in experimental and domestic animals. Finally, we point out some critical issues that should be addressed in order to clarify the implication of phthalates for human reproduction.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have been emphasized due to their threats in human health. Waste incinerator emission has been emphasized as a source of EDC including polychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDD/F) and other carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been used as an exposure biomarker for the PAHs. On the other hand, etheno-DNA adducts, e.g. 1, $N^6-ethenodeoxyadenosine({\varepsilon}dA)$, has been developed as an useful effective or response biomarker for carcinogenesis. Thus, I investigated association between urinary 1-OHP and ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels due to distance from an incinerator which was built more 10 years ago in the middle of a farm in P city. I designated the EDC-high and low exposed group due to distance from the incinerator, i.e. within 2.5km and $5.0{\sim}7.5km$ from the incinerator, respectively. The study subjects were age and sex-matched males and females (mean age, $61.3{\pm}9.6$ yrs; total 40 persons, male, 10; female, 10 for the each group). Urinary 1-OHP and ${\varepsilon}dA$ were analyzed with HPLC-FD and IP-HPLC-FD, respectively. As results, the distance from the incinerator was not associated with urinary 1-OHP nor ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels (p=0.43 and 0.82, respectively). On the other hand, urinary ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels were significantly higher in the hyperlipidemia group (N=10) than normal group (N=30). In conclusion, urinary 1-OHP nor ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels can not be suggested as an incinerator-related exposure nor effective biomarker. However, not only distance from the incinerator bot also systemic approaches including wind and soil contamination are required to assume exposure levels of incinerator-related EDC.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.241-254
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• 2013

본 연구는 환경내의 내분비교란화학물질 조사를 위한 바이오마커 시스템을 개발하기 위하여 쏨뱅이의 Vitellogenin(Vtg)을 바이오마커로서 활용하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. Vtg는 에스트로겐을 이용하여 유도하였으며, 어류의 혈청으로부터 겔 여과 및 이온교환크로마토그래피를 이용하여 정제하였다. 그 후 BALB/C 마우스를 이용하여 정제된 Vtg의 하이브리도마를 생산하여 항-Vtg의 항체를 생산하였다. 쏨뱅이로부터 유되된 Vtg의 크기는 Sepharose CL-6B을 이용한 겔 여과를 통하여 약 440 kDa 인 것으로 나타났으며 main-band는 175 kDa이었으며 몇 개의 sub-band가 발견되어졌다. 8개의 단클론 항체가 개발한 하이브리도마로부터 얻을 수 있었으며, 이 항체는 본 실험에서 조사한 어류 중 우럭볼락 Sebastes hubbsi을 제외한 다른 종에서는 교차반응이 이루어지지 않았다. 그 결과, 클론 S28과 S15의 단클론항체를 ELISA와 ICG assay의 추적 인자로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 배발된 검출시스템은 다양한 내분비교란 활동의 확인뿐 만이 아니라 내분비교란화학물질로 알려진 물질을 검출하는 바이오 마커 분석에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.115-133
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• 1998

지난 반세기 동안내분비 장애물질의 제한없는 생산과 무분별한 소비, 방출, 폐기는 물, 흙, 공기 등 자연을 오염시켜 왔다. 그 결과 생태계의 야생동물이 오염되어, 생식과 발생의 이상이 일어나고, 멸종이 예견되기에 이르렀다. 또한 동물 자신은 물론, 후세대에 내분비계의 교란을 일으켜 정상적인 성생활, 발생과 생식의 기형, 정자수 감소 등의 불임유발, 성행동, 신경계와 면역계의 이상, 암까지 유발하는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 암이 개체의 사멸을 일으키는 반면, 내분비 장애물질은 체내에 잔류되며 대를 이어 전달되고, 사멸하여도 환경의 오염원이 되어 먹이사슬로 축적된다는 의미에서 야생동물은 물론 인간의 미래를 어둡게 만든다고 판단되고 있다. 그러므로 이들이 야생동물의 생식과 발생에 미치는 영향, 먹이사슬내의 이동 및 오염 확산을 개관하고자 하였다. 또한 이에 대처하기 위한 국내외 연구동향을 기술하고, 또 중요한 물질의 생산 현황을 요약하고, 발생과 생식을 전공하는 연구자 제위에게 관심을 유도하고자 하였다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

Phthalates and those metabolites have long history in industry and suspected to have deficient effects in development and reproduction. These are well-known anti-androgenic chemicals and many studies have examined the effects of these compounds on male reproduction as toxins and endocrine disruptors. Uterus is a key organ for proper embryo development, successful reproduction, and health of eutherian mammals including women. To understand the effects of the phthalate, the horizontal approach with a whole group of phthalate is best but the known phthalates are huge and all is not uncovered. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common product of plasticizers in polymer products and studied many groups. Although, there is limited studies on the effects of phthalates on the female, a few studies have proved the endocrine disrupting characters of DEHP or phthalate mixture in female. An acute and high dose of DEHP has adverse effects on uterine histological characters. Recently, it has been revealed that a chronical low-dose exposing of DEHP works as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). DEHP can induce various cellular responses including the expression regulation of steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and paracrine factors. Interestingly, the response of uterus to DEHP is not monotonous and the exposed female has various phenotypes in fertility. These suggest that the exposing of DEHP may causes of histological modification in uterus and of disease in female such as endometriosis, hyperplasia, and myoma in addition to developmental and reproductive toxicity.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2008

An efficient method for the simultaneous determination of eleven phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) present in wastewater influent samples was described. The 11 phenolic EDCs including alkylphenols, chlorophenols, and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) following two work-up methods for comparison; isobutoxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatization and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatization. The wastewater influent samples containing the 11 EDCs were adjusted to pH 2 with $H_2SO_4$ and then cleaned up with n-hexane. Next, they were subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 resin and subsequently converted to isoBOC or TBDMS derivatives for sensitivity analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MSSIM). Following isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization, the recoveries were 86.6-105.2% and 97.6-142.7%, the limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the 11 phenolic EDCs for SIM was 0.001-0.050 ng/mL and 0.003-0.050 ng/mL, and the SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying by 0.9717-0.9995 and 0.9842-0.9980, respectively. When these methods were applied to five selected wastewater influent samples, for isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization the ranges of concentration detected were 0.2-99.6 ng/mL and 0.4-147.4 ng/mL, respectively.