• Korean Linguistics
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• v.77
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• pp.331-357
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to identify the workings of intonation realized in the endings through the spoken language. To achieve this objective, this paper has analyzed 300 minutes of spontaneous speech by women from Seoul and discussed the meanings of modality and their relationship with intonation. Intonation functions significantly in polysemous modal endings in epistemic and act modality. Epistemic modality is usually expressed through indirect and soft intonations such as L:, M: and LH, whereas act modality is expressed through direct and strong intonations such as H, HL and LHL. Intonation appears to be related to the Certainty degree of information, rather than classification of modality, Lengthening relate to indirectness, H with uncertainty, L with statements or affirmation, and HL and LHL relates to assertive attitude. This paper is significant as it has overcome the abstractness of existing modality studies and has engaged in objective and comprehensive analysis with actual spontaneous speech data.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 1999

Neuroma is formed by abnormal, incomplete nerve regeneration after nerve injury. A painful neuroma in the hand can be psychologically and physically disabling. The goal of treating painful neuroma is to relieve pain and to restore nerve function. A numerous treatment modality was reported for alleviating the problem. These treatments include crushing the neuroma, ligating it, burying in soft tissue, bone, and muscle, injecting it with alcohol, phenol, and steroid, capping it with silicone cuff. But, none of these methods has been uniformly successful, although each has its advocates. No one technique reliably prevents formation of a painful neuroma. However, the principles of treatment is resection of neuroma and proximal stump of the nerve is transposed to appropriate adjacent tissue. Our current technique was resection of neuroma with partial normal neural tissue, and then the nerve ending was transposed and sutured to the side of the proximal stump with 10-0 nylon, so end-to-side neurorrhaphy was made. The nerve ending had to be placed and fixed into the proximal nerve epineurium like as a figure of a loop. We believe this technique is another useful method for the treatment of painful neuroma.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.282-285
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• 2018

A 7 years old, male, Afghan hound (case 1) and a 10 years old, castrated male, Pekingese (case 2) were referred with dyspnea. In case 1, thoracic radiographs showed moderate amount of pleural effusion and lobar sign in the left cranial lung lobe. Following computed tomographic (CT) examination, lung lobe torsion in left cranial lung lobe was diagnosed. In case 2, thoracic radiographs showed increased cranial lobar opacity but there was no evidence of pleural effusion. CT examination revealed an abrupt ending bronchus in the left cranial lung lobe. Based on the imaging diagnosis, left cranial lung lobectomy was performed in both cases. Case 1 showed increased lobar opacity and pleural effusion, while case 2 just showed less concrete evidence of lung lobe torsion on thoracic radiographs and marked severe chronic suppurative pneumonia was histopathologically confirmed. In conclusion, CT could be an important modality when atypical lung disease is suspicious.