• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.330-342
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• 2003

The formation of emulsions and micelles in water/ceramide PC104/CholE $O_{20}$/C$_{16}$E $O_{20}$ and water/ceramide PC104/CholE $O_{20}$ mixtures was investigated through the phase behavior studies. The phase diagrams showed the existence of micelle and emulsion regions in both systems. The mixed surfactant system (CholE $O_{20}$/C$_{16}$E $O_{20}$) showed the wider micellar and emulsion regions than the single surfactant system (CholE $O_{20}$). From FT-IR measurements, it was found that the polyoxyethylene (POE) groups of surfactants formed the hydrogen bonds with amido carbonyl group in ceramide PC104. This result indicated that the hydrophilic part (EO) of surfactants could stabilize the lamellar structure and emulsion of ceramide PC104. The mixed surfactant system (CholE $O_{20}$/C$_{16}$E $O_{20}$) resulted in the smaller emulsion droplet size due to the effect of curvature at the interface, thus further increasing emulsion stability. With the penetration of $C_{16}$E $O_{20}$into the interfacial layer of surfactants in emulsion, the curvature of the interface might be altered for the formation of smaller emulsion droplets. The mixed surfactant system could incorporate up to 4 wt. % of ceramide PC104 into emulsion more than single surfactant system.ystem.m.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.567-577
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• 2019

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution, demand for alternative energy is gradually increasing. Among the various methods, a method to convert biomass into alternative fuel has been proposed. The bio-fuel obtained from biomass through pyrolysis process is called pyrolysis oil (PO) or bio-oil. Because PO is difficult to use directly in conventional engines due to its poor fuel properties, various methods have been proposed to upgrade pyrolysis-oil. The simplest approach is to mix it with conventional fossil fuels. However, due to their different polarity of PO and fossil fuel, direct mixing is impossible. To resolve this problem, emulsification of two fuels with a proper surfactant was proposed, but it costs additional time and cost. Alternatively, the use of alcohol fuels as an organic solvent significantly improve the fuel properties such as fuel stability, calorific value and viscosity. In this study, blends of diesel, n-butanol, and coffee ground pyrolysis oil (CGPO) which is one of the promising PO, was applied to diesel generator. Combustion and emissions characteristics of blended fuels were investigated under the entire load range. Experimental results show that ignition delay is similar to that of diesel at high load. Although, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are comparable to diesel, significant reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions were observed.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2021

In this study, a carboxylate-based anionic surfactant SLEC-3 was prepared from coconut oil and the structure was elucidated by using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR analysis. Measurements of interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration, static and dynamic surface tensions, emulsification index, and foam stability have shown that SLEC-3 is better in terms of interfacial activity and more effective in lowering interfacial free energy than those of SLES, which has been widely used as a conventional anionic surfactant in the detergent industry. Biodegradability, acute oral toxicity and dermal irritation tests also revealed that SLEC-3 surfactant possesses excellent mildness and low toxicity, indicating the potential applicability in detergents and cleaner products formulation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1277-1288
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• 2024

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of fresh and dried hydrolyzed Cordyceps militaris (CM) mushroom with proteolytic enzymes; bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of bromelain: flavorzyme (CMBF) on quality properties of spent hen chicken. Methods: Mushroom extract (CME) were combined with three proteolytic enzyme mixtures that had different peptidase activities; stem bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of stem bromelain:flavorzyme (CMBF) at (1:1). The effect of these hydrolysates was investigated on spent hen breast meat via dipping marination. Results: Hydrolyzation positively alters functional properties of CM protease. in which bromelain hydrolyzed group (CMB) displayed the highest proteolytic activity at 4.57 unit/mL. The antioxidant activity had a significant increment from 5.32% in CME to 61.79% in CMB. A significantly higher emulsion stability index and emulsification activity index compared to CME were another result from hydrolyzation (p<0.05). Texture properties along with the shear force value and myofibrillar fragmentation index were notably improved under CMB and CMBF in fresh condition. Marination with CM mushroom protease that was previously hydrolyzed with enzymes was proven to also increase the nucleotide compounds, indicated by higher adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in hydrolysate groups (p<0.05). The concentration of both total and insoluble collagen remained unchanged, meaning less effect from CM protease. Conclusion: This study suggested the hydrolyzation of CM protease with bromelain or a mixture of bromelain:flavourzyme to significantly improve functional properties of protease and escalate the taste-related nucleotide compounds and texture profiles from spent hen breast meat.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.467-473
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• 2012

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural lipid cofactor with antioxidant and anti-aging properties as cosmetic and food ingredients, involved in cellular energy metabolism. Here, nano-emulsions with CoQ10 were fabricated with lecithin, ethanol, oil, and sorbitan monostearate (Arlacel 60), as major components. Phase inversion emulsion method with ultrasonicator was utilized in producing CoQ10 solution, and stabilization effects from lecithin and ethanol and other diverse perturbation factors were evaluated over time. Physical properties of the emulsion were characterized such as its size, surface charges by zeta-potential, and the overall structures. Optimal concentrations of CoQ10 and Arlacel 60 were 0.8% and 3%, respectively, for producing the smallest sizes of nanoemersions in a 100 nm diameter with best morphology. No notable changes in the size were observed over 7 days from Ostwald ripening, when the concentration of Arlacel 60 was higher than 2%. Even after 270 days at room temperature, the size of nanoemulsions maintained as 115 nm in diameter, revealing only a 10% increase with high degrees of long termed stability and substantiality. In addition, changes in the surface potential occurred possible due to the flocculation effect on the nanoparticles.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 2023

In this study, ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-430 surfactant was synthesized by adducting 3 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of propylene oxide to lauryl alcohol followed by a sulfation process, and the structure of the synthesized ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-430 was elucidated by performing FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR analyses. Interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration, static surface tension, emulsification index, and contact angle were measured, and environmental compatibility indices such as oral toxicity and skin irritation were also estimated for ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-430. Both results were compared with ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-226 and ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-328 SLES surfactants possessing 2 moles and 3 moles of ethylene oxide, respectively. In particular, both foaming ability and foam stability were evaluated for ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-430 and compared with ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-226 and ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-328, which have been widely used in detergent products, in order to test the potential applicability of ASCO^Ⓡ SLES-430 in detergent product formulation for a small capacity built-in washing machine.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.251-260
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of propolis extract on chicken patty. the meat quality characteristics and storage properties of chicken patties without propolis extract were compared to those with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% propolis ethanol extract. The addition of propolis extract resulted in increased fat and ash content in the chicken patties. There were no differences in pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and texture profile analysis, indicating that the propolis extract did not negatively affect emulsification stability. However, sensory evaluation showed that the higher the concentration of propolis extract added, the lower the total preference of the chicken patties. Over a storage period, patties treated with propolis extract exhibited a lower total microbial count, and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content compared to those without propolis extract. Therefore, the addition of propolis to chicken patties does not reduce emulsion stability but improves storage properties. However, the unique flavor of propolis decreases the preference for chicken patties, so the amount must be considered when using it.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2011

The objective of the study was to prepare self-microeulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) incorporating atorvastatin calcium and evaluate its properties and oral bioavailability. Solubility of atorvastatin in various vehicles was determined. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the good self-emulsification region. The droplet size distributions of the resultant emulsions were determined by dynamic light scattering measurement. The mean droplet size of chosen formulation (20% ethyl oleate, 40% tween-80, 40% Carbitol$^{(R)}$) was $23.4{\pm}1.3$ nm. The SMEDDS incorporating atorvastatin calcium appeared to be associated with better performance in dissolution and pharmacokinetic studies, compared with raw atorvastatin calcium. In dissolution test, the release percentage of atorvastatin from SMEDDS mixture could rapidly reach more than 95% within 3 min. Oral $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8hr}$ values in SD rats was $1994{\pm}335\;ng{\cdot}hr/mL$, which significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with raw atorvastatin calcium. The SMEDDS formulation was relatively stable when stored at $4^{\circ}C$ during 3 months. Our studies illustrated the potential use of SMEDDS for the delivery of hydrophobic compounds, such as atorvastatin, by the oral route.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat fiber as a replacement for isolated soy protein (ISP) or concentrated soy protein (CSP) on the quality characteristics of meat batter. Meat batter formulations were prepared with 2% levels of ISP, CSP, or wheat fiber. The pH values of each formulation were not significantly different (p>0.05). The L-values of meat batter containing wheat fiber, ISP, or CSP were higher than the control, however the a- and b-values were lower than the control (p<0.05). Relative to the control meat batter, the water holding capacity, viscosity, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of meat batter containing ISP, CSP, or wheat fiber was significantly higher than the control (p<0.05). All supplemented meat batters had significantly lower cooking loss and emulsification stability than the control (p<0.05), with no significant difference among the supplemented meat batters. The results of this study show that the use of wheat fiber as an ISP or CSP replacer does not affect the overall quality of meat batter.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.268-274
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• 2006

Bacillus sp. DYL130 producing biosurfactant was isolated from soil samples in the Duck-yu mountain and identified as Bacillus sp. by analysis of 16S rDNA sequence. Purification of the biosurfactant was performed by using affinity chromatography and TLC. The biosurfactant of culture medium from Bacillus sp. DYL130 was eluted with 100% methanol using affinity chromatography. To remove methanol, a rotary evaporator was used and enrichment sample was dissolved in alkaline water(pH 10). The purified biosurfactant was identified by TLC. It was confirmed that the Rf value of the biosurfactant was 0.78. Antifungal activity against Botrytis cineria was showed the strongly activity as active antagonist. Maximum emulsification activity and stability were obtained from soybean oil. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of purified biosurfactant was 35mg/l and the purified biosurfactant inhibited biofilm forming by Bacillus sp..