• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.85-111
• /
• 2012

Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi(忠烈小五義), whose author was Shiyukun(石玉昆), is a Xia-Yi-Gong-An(俠義公案) novel in the late Qing Dynasty. This work published in 1890 when Emperor Guangxu(光緖) governed China. This work's author is Shiyukun, distribution books has an amender. The amender will be a shuoshuyiren (說書藝人). Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan(忠烈俠義傳)'s a sequel, the story leads from Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan. It is just the beginning of Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is redundant. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi was introduced to the late Chosun(朝鮮) Dynasty. This work was translated in Hangeul, Chosun's readers read Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi. This work's circulation is not clear, But this work's exciting story is interested in the readers. This work is characterized as follows: First of all, Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan's charaters appear equally, the readers feels familiar. The readers like the familiar characters, because the readers read the book. The familiar characters can have a sense of speed in reading. Second, the story is continuous. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is narrated by connecting Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan's story. Third, Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi was seeking an open ending. Classical novels prefer happy ending, this work is open ending, the expectations for the sequel became more doubled. The fourth, this work took advantage of the colloquial expressions. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is Huabenti(話本體) novel, took advantage of the spoken language. Suyu(俗語) and xiehouyu(歇後語) was represented in this work. Fifth, this work is formed a universal consensus. Ordinary people must empathize about xia-yi(俠義) and retribution, this work was well represented. Because the readers would have liked to this story.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.313-342
• /
• 2016

This paper is an attempt to look up the life of Guanyu who was a sainted warrior of Shu Han(蜀漢) and later, was revered as God, especially focusing on the Political perspective of Chinese Dynasty. People represented Guanyu as the general during the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝), however, throughout the Su-Dang Dynasty(隋唐), Guanyu was Honored in the Wuchengwangmiao(武成王廟) then, was promoted from Hou(侯) to Gong(公), Gong(公) to King(王) in the Song-Yuan Dynasty(宋元). In the Ming-Qing Dynasty(明 淸) when the deification of Guanyu was proceeded most positively, he became a Di(帝) over a King and was endowed with the power over the Three Worlds(三界). He had an influence on nobility as well as the people in Folkbelief over Moral Spirits, and consequently rose through the ranks to become the spiritual guardian. The rulers gave him various names(封號) celebrating the life and work of Guanyu, In fact, they showed interests in the Belief of Guanyu as they attempted to establish an ideological base for the solution of the national disaster and maintenance of feudal system which came to the fore along with the reinforcement for emperor's power.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2019

Objective : Describe the phenomenon of "clear qi below, turbid qi above" as found in the Somun Eumyangeungsangdaelon (Major Essay on Yinyang Resonances and Appearances 素問 陰陽應象大論) and compare this pattern with water-grain dysentery and flatulence symptom patterns in the Sanghallon (Treatise on Cold Damage). Method : Study the annotation of the Hwangjenaegyeong (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic 黃帝內經) and compare the results with the Sanghallon's water-grain dysentery and flatulence. Conclusions and Results : The causes of water-grain dysentery and flatulence are associated with the ascending and descending properties of Yin and Yang. Additionally, these symptoms can also be caused by pathogenic heat, turbid pathogenic factors, and interruption of the movement of clear and turbid qi. Aspects of water-grain dysentery resemble several patterns found in the Sanghallon. If caused by a weakness of yang qi, it resembles Sayeoktang (四逆湯) syndrome. Weakness of spleen qi resembles Ijungtang (理中湯) syndrome. Flatulence is similar to fullness in the chest syndrome, which in the Sanghallon is caused by an obstruction of cold qi. If there is excessive cold, water-grain dysentery is similar to the syndrome of Gyeolhyung (結胸). If the qi is not scattered, deficiency syndrome is similar to Gyejigejagyaktang (桂枝去芍藥湯) syndrome and excess syndrome is similar to Mahwangtang (麻黃湯) syndrome. When flatulence is caused by fever in chest, it is similar to Chijasitang (梔子?湯) syndrome. When caused by heat and phlegm build up in chest, it is similar to Sipjotang (十棗湯) syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.82-119
• /
• 2010

"Gongchengzuofazeli" was published by the Ministry of Engineering (工部) in 1734, the 12th year of the Yongzheng(雍正) emperor of China's Ching Dynasty. Its purpose was the standardization of building construction and the strengthening of management policies The book records exact measurements of every material used in the building, dividing the building into sections called "dugu (斗口)." It also contains records of the funds that were needed for fair management. Today, it has great historical value because it provides information as to the state of architectural technology and environment of that time. However, the research of Korean architectural historians tends to focus on the "Yingzaofashi(營造法式)" which was written in the Northen Song Dynasty. While the significance of "Gongchengzuofazeli" is widely acknowledged, not enough interest has been garnered to even begin a full-scale translation project. This article, by summarizing in the introduction the basic contents of "Gongchengzuofazeli" and a translation of the first volume in the body, seeks as its purpose to provide data to become the foundation of future research in this area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.26-45
• /
• 2011

The Gongchengzuofazeli, which was published in 1734, the 12th year of the Yongzheng (雍正) emperor of the Ching Dynasty, is an authoritative book that discusses the architectural technology and engineering practices at that time. Moreover, buildings constructed during the Ching Dynasty are substantially similar with the book's content. This study is important in that it is done as the first step in conducting a comparative analysis between the Korean and Chinese wood structure mechanism. First, each content of the book is examined according to the editing order. And second, the standard for division between Da-shi (大式) and Xiao-shi (小式) architecture in terms of heavy woodwork method (vol. 1~27) is redefined, from which a new organization is deduced.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.5.1-5.9
• /
• 2019

The chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (P. papua) penguins are distributed throughout Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. In this study, high-quality de novo assemblies of blood transcriptomes from these penguins were generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 22.2 and 21.8 raw reads were obtained from chinstrap and gentoo penguins, respectively. These reads were assembled using the Oases assembly platform and resulted in 26,036 and 21,854 contigs with N50 values of 929 and 933 base pairs, respectively. Functional gene annotations through pathway analyses of the Gene Ontology, EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were performed for each blood transcriptome, resulting in a similar compositional order between the two transcriptomes. Ortholog comparisons with previously published transcriptomes from the $Ad{\acute{e}}lie$ (P. adeliae) and emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) penguins revealed that a high proportion of the four penguins' transcriptomes had significant sequence homology. Because blood and tissues of penguins have been used to monitor pollution in Antarctica, immune parameters in blood could be important indicators for understanding the health status of penguins and other Antarctic animals. In the blood transcriptomes, KEGG analyses detected many essential genes involved in the major innate immunity pathways, which are key metabolic pathways for maintaining homeostasis against exogenous infections or toxins. Blood transcriptome studies such as this may be useful for checking the immune and health status of penguins without sacrifice.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.48.4-49
• /
• 2018

We studyed an Korean astrolabe made by Ryu Geum (1741~1788), the late Joseon Confucian scholar. It has a diameter of 17 cm and a thickness of 6 mm and is now owned by Museum of Silhak. In the 1267 of the reign of Kublai Khan of Mogol Empire, Jamal al Din, an Ilkhanate astronomer, present an astrolabe to his emperor together with 6 astronomical instruments. In 1525, an astrolabe was first made in Korea by Lee, Sun (李純, ?~?), a Korean astronomer and royal official of Joseon Dynasty. He was referred to Gexiang xinshu, a Mongloian-Chinese book by Zhao, Youqin (1280-1345), an astronomer of Mongolian Empire. This astrolabe has not been left. In the mid-17th century, an astrolabe was introduced to Joseon again through Hungai tongxian tushuo (渾蓋 通憲圖設) edited by Chinese Mathematician Li Zhi-zao (李之藻, 1565~1630), that originated from Astrolabium (1593) of Christoph Clavius (1538-1612). It seems that Ryu refered to Hungai tongxian tushuo which affect to Hongae-tongheon-ui (渾蓋通憲儀) edited by Nam, Byeong-Cheol (南秉哲, 1817~1863). We analysis lots of circles on the mother and a set of index from the rete of of Ryu's astrolabe. We find that the accuracy of circles has about 0.2~0.4 mm in average if the latitude of this astrolabe is 38 degrees. 11 indices of the rete point bright stars of the northern and southern celestial hemisphere. Their tip's accuracies are about $2^{\circ}.9{\pm}3^{\circ}.2$ and $2^{\circ}.3{\pm}2^{\circ}.8$ on right ascension and declination of stars respectively.

• The Southeast Asian review
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.1-29
• /
• 2010

In 1835, quickly after the Cambodian king Ang Chan died, Vietnamese emperor Minh Mang started to proceed his ambition to grab the territory of Cambodia. As the first step, he stationed big forces led by Truong Minh Giang in Phnom Phen, and appointed the Ang Chan's second daughter, Mei, as the successor of her father but with the humble title of Chan Lap Quan Chu, or the Prefecture sovereign of Cambodia. This article discusses the ways how the Vietnamese leaders manipulated the status of the Cambodian queen with each step of protection, assimilation, and finally a rupture. The author seeks for Vietnamese own theory of annexation in the process. In doing so, the author claims that Vietnamese tough policy of annexation was closely interwoven with the unequal relationship between the Vietnamese emperors and the Cambodian queen, i. e. men and woman. The first chapter discusses how and why the second daughter was chosen, and what in reality the status of the queen was under the protection of Vietnamese general Truong Minh Giang. Second chapter shows how much Mei was bullied by the Vietnamese. She was kidnapped to Vietnam, and was even regarded by the Cambodian people that she became the 'lover' or the 'concubine' of the general Truong Minh Giang. Third chapter deals with Vietnam's retreat forced by the Cambodian resistance together with the Thai intervention, and discusses how much Vietnam tried to maintain its authority over Cambodia through the queen Mei. Cambodia, in the 19th century, was a experimental place for the 'mission of civilization' from the side of Vietnam. Mei was a main character in this period from the beginning to the end. The conclusion of this article stresses that the desire of Vietnam ('civilized') to assimilate Cambodia ('barbarious') was strengthened by the psychology of the male master (Vietnam) to domesticate the female subject (Cambodia). The relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia was not only political but also gender oriented. In this epic, the existence of the queen Mei should be regarded as an important key to understanding of the Vietnamese theory for the annexation of Cambodia.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.1317-1341
• /
• 2021

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is adopted to enable effective and smooth communication among different networks. In some specific application, the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in IoT to gather peculiar data without the interaction of human. The WSNs are self-organizing in nature, so it mostly prefer multi-hop data forwarding. Thus to achieve better communication, a cross-layer routing strategy is preferred. In the cross-layer routing strategy, the routing processed through three layers such as transport, data link, and physical layer. Even though effective communication achieved via a cross-layer routing strategy, energy is another constraint in WSN assisted IoT. Cluster-based communication is one of the most used strategies for effectively preserving energy in WSN routing. This paper proposes a Bio-inspired cross-layer routing (BiHCLR) protocol to achieve effective and energy preserving routing in WSN assisted IoT. Initially, the deployed sensor nodes are arranged in the form of a grid as per the grid-based routing strategy. Then to enable energy preservation in BiHCLR, the fuzzy logic approach is executed to select the Cluster Head (CH) for every cell of the grid. Then a hybrid bio-inspired algorithm is used to select the routing path. The hybrid algorithm combines moth search and Salp Swarm optimization techniques. The performance of the proposed BiHCLR is evaluated based on the Quality of Service (QoS) analysis in terms of Packet loss, error bit rate, transmission delay, lifetime of network, buffer occupancy and throughput. Then these performances are validated based on comparison with conventional routing strategies like Fuzzy-rule-based Energy Efficient Clustering and Immune-Inspired Routing (FEEC-IIR), Neuro-Fuzzy- Emperor Penguin Optimization (NF-EPO), Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning-based Data Gathering (FRLDG) and Hierarchical Energy Efficient Data gathering (HEED). Ultimately the performance of the proposed BiHCLR outperforms all other conventional techniques.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 2022

Connectivity and knowledge are the main keywords of the IoT. In this paper, I analyzed how the two civilizations, Christianity and Islam, were connected through Mughal paintings and what result they have brought in the spread of knowledge. For that, I analyzed literature as well as paintings of those days. In terms of theme matter, Western painting was used as a means of strengthening the royal authority of the Mughal Emperor. In terms of style, perspective and shading from the Western Paintings began to be used in Mughal painting. Later, Christian symbols and themes were linked to absolute power of kingship, and further utilized them to develop into the concept of kingship = spirituality = divinity, creating an original art style that was unprecedented in the history of world painting. By analyzing the two disparate cultures in terms of 'connectivity' and 'knowledge' of the Internet of Things, such research could serve as a platform for future humanities research on the Internet of Things.