• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.301-319
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• 2012

The primary purpose of Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is to facilitate investment in renewable energy technology. Since emission trading program has similar purpose, it is conceivable to attempt to link RPS and emission trading program through interlinked markets. RPS in Korea with single REC and emission allowance markets has particular advantages for constructing linkages between two markets. This paper provides a real option model to examine investment effects of linkage of RPS to the trading program. Emission permit price and REC price are assumed to follow stochastic processes and renewable investment is irreversible. The result shows that linked market provides further incentive for renewable investment by raising managerial flexibility for power companies.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2015

The Energy and Green House Gas target management system was launched by the Korean Government in 2010. The Korea Emission Trading System will start in 2015. Therefore, simultaneous pursuit of energy saving and greenhouse emission reduction through energy use rationalization is an important obligation of Korean engineers, who import about 97% of domestic energy consumption. Economic analysis of the GHG emission reduction methodologies registered and approved by Korea Voluntary Emission Reduction (KVER) program was conducted. The results for waste heat recovery employed in an energy intensive pulp, paper and wood industry were reported. The emission reduction intensities were 9.7 kg $CO_2$/ton_pulp production. Net Present Value analysis showed that the GHG emission reduction was economically beneficial with an internal rate return of 60%. The results of exergy analysis indicated that the second law efficiencies of waste heat recovery system employed in KVER program were 77.3% and 53.6%. NPV decreased as the exergy decreased.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07a
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• pp.420-421
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• 2006

The cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission to avert the most severe impacts of climate change remains one of the widely accepted priorities for global action. In order to facilitate cost-effective abatement strategies, the Kyoto Protocol introduced three mechanisms, or flexible instruments, the Emissions Trading(ET), the Joint Implementation(JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM). The CDM enables Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol to partially meet cost-effectively their emission reduction commitments by undertaking GHG mitigation Projects in developing countries, which do not have any GHG abatement obligations and where the emission reductions are cheaper. One of the major barriers hampering the wide spread implementation of CDM is the high transaction costs associated with the initial identification of promising CDM projects. This paper presents development of a pre-validation program of CDM. The developed program may provide a useful aid to potential investors and project developers as a supportive pre-evaluation tool, and may become an effective tool for the promotion of renewable energy and fuel switching projects.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.863-877
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• 2021

While there a growing interest in Voluntary Carbon Disclosure (VCD), comparatively little is discussed whether the improved quality of voluntary carbon disclosure can lead to subsequent changes in a company's carbon reduction performance. Drawing on companies under the Korean Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) with the contents analysis of their sustainable reports, the present research seeks to address the existing knowledge gaps in the current literature on environmental disclosure. Findings empirically show that an increase in the voluntary carbon disclosure score is positively transformed into changes in carbon performance and further develop that the effect of voluntary carbon disclosure on carbon performance varies depending on changes in management capability with the moderation effect.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.453-462
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• 2015

In this study, a methodology is investigated for the development of social responsibility program employed by major domestic companies under social pressure. It is true, however, that its infancy in history and lack of experience makes it difficult to run novel programs for the companies on their own and it naturally leads to copying and/or slight modification of what others do. Utilizing widely accepted SWOT analysis, stakeholders analysis and PDCA Cycle, a methodology for the successful programs with sustainability is proposed by reflecting business nature and strategic direction. Three real cases are analyzed. In addition, relationship and position with social welfare organizations is elucidated.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2016

In this study, applicability of GHG ETS Offset Program in Korea for a refrigerant sector was analyzed by reviewing foreign management policy and project status in progress related to refrigerants in the disposal stage. In order to derive the implication of the domestic Offset Program, it was looked into approved offset projects and certified offset credits current state in Korea. Offset Program has approved 22 methodologies up to the present, so it is necessary to enhance the accessibility to GHG reduction in various industrial sector including the refrigerant sector by developing appropriate methodologies. In this study firstly, it was investigated that management regulation of countries are managing the refrigerants in the disposal stage such as United States, Japan, Australia. Secondly, of CDM methodologies there were two methodologies associated with the refrigerant reduction(treatment), which were decomposition HFC-23 and destruction of HFC-134a. Also there were a non-registered methodology about destruction of HFC-134a of end of life vehicles. Lastly, in California according to Compliance Offset Program, there was Compliance Offset Protocol in ODS Projects that provided eligible conditions. Based on the review, it was examined the possible conditions for domestic offset project for refrigerant sector

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.46
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.689-733
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• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.209-213
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• 2011

Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth for achieving the country's GHG emission reduction goal of 30% was in effect. The remarkable content of the Act is the managements of targets for GHG reduction. So, the entities that have reduced voluntarily have much interest in the recognition of 'early action'. The recognition of early action is necessary to induce the fair competence of business entities and promote the voluntary GHG reduction. The definite and concrete guidance should be prepared. The important principles for this are the environmental integrity and the additionality. Based on this, the early action activities must be restricted to the voluntary, real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable reduction. In the early action recognition, its credit should be allocated additionally set aside from the GHG target allocation in the national total allowance. Through this, the reward for the early reduction should be realized on market mechanism. The effective period to award the early action should be addressed. This can be the period after the enactment of framework on GHG reduction in effect and before the beginning year of GHG target control. It should be set with flexibility through the collection and consultation of the sector's opinions. The appropriate allowance reserve of early action was estimated as approximately 1~1.5% by using the data from the 'Pilot GHG Emission Trading Program' operated by Ministry of Environment. Also, the concrete and detail guidance to construct the necessary infra which is used to register the related information of early action activities should be prepared.

• Clean Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2001

To meet $CO_2$ emission regulation, this study describes the present state of $CO_2$ reduction technology and the effect of the regulation on power industry. In Japan, R&D investment is actively continuing through a long-term R&D project, along with trying to meet the reduction demand by the ways of energy saving and abroad business. EU has made a lot of investments in increasing the efficiency of power generation and developing alternative energy sources. The US is making provision of the portion of reduction by using energy saving program and emission trading, and the current DOE-driven program is addressing the development of cost-effective power systems. In the country, the research to reduce $CO_2$ emission has been mainly driven by the government and research institute supported by the government. Meanwhile, if the reduction obligation imposed on Portugal which is the least strict condition will be enforced in Korea, it is likely that about 50 running power plants should be stopped or shut down after 2015, in spite of voluntary reduction efforts such as conversion to clean fuels, etc. according to the government's long-term electric power need and supply plan.