• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.407-421
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• 2018

In this paper, I analyze the GHG (greenhouse gas) emission factor of the domestic railway transportation sector using the LMDI (Log Mean Divisia Index) methodology. These GHG factors are the emission factor effect, energy intensity effect, transportation intensity effect, and economic activity effect. The analysis period was from 2011 to 2016, and the analysis objects were an intercity railway, wide area railway, and urban railway. The results show that the GHG emission of railway transportation sector decreased during these 6 years. The factors decreasing the GHG emission are the emission factor effect, energy intensity effect, and transportation intensity effect, while the factor increasing the GHG emission is the economic activity effect.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2012

Wood composites are a hygroscopic material and have ability to exchange its moisture content with air. This study investigated the formaldehyde emission and moisture content change of four wood composites (particleboard (PB), medium density fiberboard (MDF), high density fiberboard (HDF), laminated HDF (L-HDF)) as a function of bake-out temperature and time. The composites were baked out for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days at temperatures of $20{\pm}2$, $35{\pm}2$, and $50{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in a dry oven. The moisture content change was used to determine the emission bake-out of the composites. Best bake-out time results were obtained with after 7 days all composites. Formaldehyde emission values of composites decreased with decreasing moisture content for both temperatures. The formaldehyde emission results of bake-out temperature 35 and $50^{\circ}C$ showed a similar tendency.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2017

In this study, the $N_2O$ emission factor of the facility was developed by measuring the kiln type pyrolysis melting facility. This used PAS (Photoacoustic Spectroscopy) method and measured the $N_2O$ emission concentration. From March 2016 to April 2016, it was measured over a total of two times and $N_2O$ concentrations were measured continuously for 24 hours using a 24 hour continuous measuring instrument (LSE-4405). The measured $N_2O$ emission concentration of the pyrolysis melting facility was 0.263 ppm on average and the emission concentration distribution in the range of 0.013~0.733 ppm was obtained. Therefore, the $N_2O$ emission factor of the kiln-type pyrolysis melting facility was estimated to be $0.829gN_2O/ton$-Waste. As a result of comparing the $N_2O$ emission factor of the thermal kiln type pyrolysis melting facility and the previous study, previous studies were about 18 times higher. It is estimated that this is due to the difference of furnace temperature, oxygen concentration and denitrification facilities. It is considered that the study of the emission factor of pyrolysis melting facility is an important factor in improving the credibility of greenhouse gas inventory in waste incineration sector.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.267-278
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• 2016

In order to observe the internal damage of concrete in real time, we introduced acoustic emission nondestructive detecting technology into a series of fracture tests; the test results revealed the whole process that concrete undergoes when it sustains damage that leads to failure, according to the change rules of the acoustic emission parameters. The results showed that both the initiation and unstable loads can be accurately determined using the abrupt change of the acoustic emission rate curves and the turning point of the acoustic emission parameters' accumulative curves. The whole process, from damage to failure, includes five phases, beginning with damage, such as cracking, a stable crack growth process, a critical unstable stage, and unstable propagation. The brittle fracture characteristics of concrete change when steel bars are joined, because the steel bars and the concrete structure bond, which causes an increase in the acoustic emission signals within the fracture process of the reinforced concrete. The unstable propagation stage is also extended. Our research results provide a valid methodology and technical explanations, which can help researchers to monitor the cracking process of concrete structures, in real time, during actual projects.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to suggest the methodology of $CO_2$ Emission Factor Verification and Quantitative Assessment in Ethylene Product Processes. At first, this study compare the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 1996 Guideline and 2006 Guideline. And analyse methodology for estimating $CO_2$ emission and $CO_2$ emission factor in Ethylene product process. Also analyse cases of estimating $CO_2$ emission factor based on material balance. Methodology of $CO_2$ Emission Factor Verification and Quantitative Assessment are following the categories proposed by GIR (Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center). There are total 12 factors in 8 categories and give 5 or 10 points according to their importance. Also this study suggests necessary data of document to meet the conditions. The result would help estimate accuracy Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Also contribute to establish policy on environmental assessment, air conservation, etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.266-269
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• 1995

Methane emission was measured every two hours for a whole day at heading stage of rice plantsby using a closed static chamber installed in NPK(11-70-80 kg/ha) plot and NPK+rice straw(5 ton/ha) plots. The effect of air and soil temperature on methane emission was studied. In NPK plot the diel change of methane emission was synchronized better with soil temperature than air temperature because of abrupt rise of air temperature from 11 : 00 to 17 : 00 hours. In NPK+rice straw plot diel methane emission showed proportionally increased with increase of soil temperature except for times from 11 : 00~17 : 00 hours when air temperature was very high, but showed a closer relation with change of air temperature. It was suggested that the diel change of methane emission was closely related to that of air temperature where organic matter was abundant, while to that of soil temperature where organic matter was limited.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 1995

The emission characteristics of a semi-Bunsen type burner for gas boilers were studied experimentally. The experimental results reveal that nitric oxide emission increases with fuel flow rate. It is linearly proportional to total fue flow rate at a small amount of fuel up to 0.4 liters per minute. It does not change significantly within the range of fuel flow rate from 0.4 to 1.2 liters per minute per nozzle and increases at large fuel flow rate. The carbon monoxide emission reveals to be dependent upon the fuel flow rate per each nozzle and the number of fuel injection nozzles. Diameter of an injection nozzle could have an effect on the emission characteristics of this type of burners. However, there is no marked change in the nitric oxide emission if the total fuel flow rate is same with different nozzle sizes.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to consider the effectiveness of continuous $CO_2$ emission monitoring in waste incinerator. To prevent global warming, many countries are trying to reduce $CO_2$, the main greenhouse gas. Currently, Korea is implementing an emission trading scheme to reduce $CO_2$, and waste incinerators are included in this scheme as major $CO_2$ sources. However, when using waste incinerators, $CO_2$ is discharged during incineration of various types of wastes, therefore it is very difficult to calculate the amount of emissions according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by calculation is known to lack of accuracy comparing with actual emissions. Currently, Korea is operating CleanSYS, which enables continuous measurement of gases emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the $CO_2$ emissions of waste incineration facilities. The IPCC, which published $CO_2$ emission calculation guidelines, recognizes that direct measurement of emission is a more advanced method in cases of various $CO_2$ emission sources such as a waste incineration facility. Also, Korean emission trading scheme guidelines allow estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by continuous measurement at waste incineration facilities. Therefore, this study considers the effectiveness of a direct measurement method by comparing the results of CleanSYS with the calculation method suggested by the IPCC guidelines.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.187-195
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• 2019

In December 2015, The Paris Agreement was adopted to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change. Korean government announced its goal of reducing the country's greenhouse gas emissions by up to 37% below business as usual projections by 2030 in 2015. The purpose of this study was to set up the calculation methodology of GHG emission($CO_{2e}$) in building sector and to estimate the annual GHG emission in building sector based on national energy consumption statistic. The GHG emission from buildings is about 135.8 million ton $CO_{2e}$ as of 2015, taking up about 19.6% of Korea's entire emission and is about 144.7 million ton $CO_{2e}$ in 2017. The GHG emission of building sector is increasing at annual rate of 2.0% from 2001 to 2017. The GHG emission from electricity consumption in buildings is 91.8 million ton $CO_{2e}$ in 2017, is the highest $CO_2$ emission by energy source. The results show that the intensity of GHG emission of residential building sector is $40.6kg-CO_{2e}/m^2{\cdot}yr$ and that of commercial building sector is $68.4kg-CO_{2e}/m^2{\cdot}yr$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.518-526
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to develop fugitive emission models of HFC-134a (Hydrofluorocarbon-134a) at the operation and disposal stages of passenger cars. It is essential to estimate the emission of HFC-134a from mobile air conditioner (MAC) due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP) and extensive use as a refrigerant in MAC. The first-order emission model was introduced and the emission rate constant was assumed to be unvaried with time. A commercial recovery station of refrigerants was used to recover the HFC-134a from the MAC. Average emission rate constant and annual emission rate during the operation period of vehicle are estimated to be $0.0538{\pm}0.0092$ (n=21) $yr^{-1}$ and $5.2{\pm}0.6%$, respectively within a confidence interval of 95%. According to the model results, about 50% of HFC-134a would be emitted from the MAC during the 10 years operation of passenger cars. On the other hand, average remaining portion of HFC-134a in the MACs of scrap cars is $58.2{\pm}4.8%$ (n=50) within a confidence interval of 95%, suggesting that over 40% of the initially charged amount could be released fugitively after disposal provided that the HFC-134a would not be properly treated or recycled.