• 보험의학회지
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• 제28권1_2호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2009

Background: Recent emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis such as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) or extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB) has become important health care problems. It has also became grave issues for insurance industries in determining medical risks. We have therefore strived to analyze the comparative mortality rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis through utilization of results from previous articles. Methods: Comparative mortality was calculated from source articles using mortality analysis methods. Results: Mortality ratio of MDR-TB was estimate to 1200%, and excess death rate was 110 per 1,000. Comparative mortality between MDR-TB and XDR-TB by Korean $study^{(1)}$ were 1750, 382, 405, 443, 1025, and 357%, for each 10 months study intervals, respectively. Total mortality ratio was 594% and total excess death rate was 60 per 1,000person. It was determined that the risk of XDR-TB was much greater than MDR-TB. Discussion; Pending the development of a novel anti-tuberculosis drug, it would be prudent to steer clear insuring XDR-TB during underwriting phase due to high medical cost that it creates.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2004

The effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius were tested in the laboratory. Employing a waterreplacement exposure setup, chironomids were subjected to various concentrations. In the most treatments mortality reached a statistically significant difference from the control conditions. As DEHP concentrations were increased, the rates of emerged adults decreased. Sex ratio was unaffected with little deviation from a 1:1 relationship (except in 1 and $30\mu{g}\;L^{-1})$. The developmental stages was delayed at low concentration (0.3 and $1\mu{g}\;L^{-1})$. Generally the emergent period was different between males and females, and the first emergent day of males was faster than females. The body shape of female adults was larger than males. Differences between males and females were found in body volume, body length and body width. In addition, the body volume showed the significant difference between controls and treatments, and those especially well observed females.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2003

Oral supplementation of zinc chloride to silkworm larvae in different concentrations (30, 60 and 90 ${\mu}g$/ml) to the fourth and fifth instar resulted in a significant increase in commercial traits, like larval weight, silk gland weight, cocooning percentage in lower concentrartion (30 ${\mu}g$) treated group. The female cocoon weight, shell weight and its ratio were significantly increased in 30 and 60 ${\mu}g$ treated groups, male cocoon weight, and shell weight in 30 ${\mu}g$ treated group and its ratio in 60 and 90 ${\mu}g$ treated groups, filament length, weight and moth emergence percentage in all the treated groups and egg productivity in 90 ${\mu}g$ treated group were increased significantly. The remaining groups did not show any significant changes compared with that of carrier control.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1981

Ginseng seeds were gathered from 3,4,5 and 6 years of age and were classified into four qroups (below 4mm, 4∼5mm, 5∼6mm and above 6mm in across sieve). They were sown in seedling bed and some characters were investigated in each qroup of seed size. 1. The distribution of seed size of below 4mm, 4-5mm, 5-6mm and 6mm were 23.7%, 60.8%, 12.4% and 4.5%, respectively. 2. The ratio of seed coat dehiscence was not affected by seed size but emergence ratio and emerging vigor were superior in large seed. 3. The large seed showed superiority in stem length, stem diameter, leat and also in root length, root diameter and root weight. but diseased root was not affected by seed size. The effect of age(seed harvest) was not significant on all those characters.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2001

배추흰나비의 연중 실내 계대사육법을 확립하기 위하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 사육시험한 결과 기주식물육에 의해 산란된 알의 부화율은 89.2%이었으며 산란후 부화까지의 평균 소요일수는 3.9일이었다. 고온장일조건($25^{\circ}C$, 16L:8D)에서 사육시 유충기간이 18.1일이었고 용화율 및 우화율 97.8%를 보였다. 그러나 저온단일조건($21^{\circ}C$, 10L : 14D)에서는 유충기간이 23.6일로 길어졌으며 용화율은 70%로 낮았는데 모두 휴면용이 되었다. 배추흰나비의 기주(배추,양배추,순무,케일)의 즙, 메탄올추출물 및 열탕추출물에 대한 산란선호성을 조사한 결과 열탕추출물이 즙 또는 메탄을 추출물보다 산란선호성이 높았다. 또한 배추보다는 양배추, 케일, 순무에 대해 산란성이 좋았다. 산란지색에 대한 산란성 및 인공산란용 키트의 재질에 대한 산란성을 시험한 결과에 따라 실내 산란용 키트를 고안, 제작하였다. 배추흰나비의 산란후 24, 48시간째 채란하여 냉장가능 기간을 조사해 본 결과 산란후 48시간째 $5^{\circ}C$에 냉장한 것이 7일 후에도 부화율이 70%로 비교적 양호하였다. 한편 비휴면 번데기의 냉장가능기간을 조사해 본 결과 $5^{\circ}C$와 15$^{\circ}C$에서 30일까지 냉장하여도 우화율 85%이상으로 냉장이 가능하였으며,$ 5^{\circ}C$에서 냉장한 것이 냉장가능기간이 더 길었고 우화율도 높았다. 이상의 시험결과를 근거로 배추흰나비의 실내 연중 계대사육 체계도를 완성하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권3호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2006

본 연구는 기생봉이 솔잎혹파리 밀도변동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 경상북도 영천시 금호읍 남성동에 위치한 소나무림에서 우화트랩을 이용하여 1986년에서 2005년까지 20년간 솔잎혹파리와 각 종의 솔잎혹파리 기생봉 성충 밀도를 조사하였다. 1987년 이후 기주인 솔잎혹파리와 기생봉 개체군 동태는 유사한 양상을 보였으며 기생봉 밀도는 기주 의존적이었다. 솔잎혹파리 개체군의 성비는 전체적으로는 암컷의 비율이 높았으나 연도에 따라 차이를 보였다. 이러한 경향은 솔잎혹파리 기생봉 개체군에서도 유사하였으나 솔잎혹파리먹좀벌(Inostemma seoulis) 개체군의 성비가 혹파리반뿔먹좀벌(Inostemma matsutama) 개체군 성비보다 암컷편기가 심하였다. 기주인 솔잎혹파리는 매년 5월16일~7월27일(우화최성기 : 5월27일-6월5일)에 우화하였고, 그 기생봉인 혹파리반뿔먹좀벌과 솔잎혹파리먹좀벌은 5월16일~6월11일(우화최성기 : 5월27-6월2일) 및 6월9일~7월27일(우화최성기 : 6월23일~6월28일) 이었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1988

사육실조건($25pm$$1^{\circ}C$, 광주기 16L:8D, 상대습도 60%)에서 조사된 담배나방(Heliothis assclta Gueness)의 우화, 교미 및 산란의 행동과 일일리듬은 다음과 같다. 불꺼진 후 3시나 이내에 75% 이상이 우화하였으며, 우화된 날개확장과 경화까지는 약 33분이 소요되었다. 성충 수컷은 교미때까지 촉각 운동, 날개 진동, hairpencils확장 , 암컷 산란관 두드림등 일련의 행동을 보였으나, 암컷은 복부끝의 수죽과 이완, 날개 진동 등의 다소 단순한 행동을 보였다. 모든 교미는 암기간 전반기에 주로 일어났으며, 불꺼진 2시간 전후에서 최대 피크를 보였으나, 처녀 암컷의 경우 연령증가에 따라 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 교미율은 24시간된 미교미암컷에 가장 높았으며, 연령증가에 따라 감소되는데 같은 경향이 미교미수컷에서도 나타났다. 교미지속기단은 평균 $77\pm$14분이었다. 산란 역시 암기간 전체를 통하여 일어났지만, 불꺼진 후 2시간 이내에 최적 피크를 보였으며, 산란수는 교미후 3일에서 가장 많았다. 교미율, 산란수, 수명은 성비에 따라 달랐으며, 교미한 성충의 수명이 교미하지 않은 것보다 더 짧았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1987

Sorghum cv. Pioneer 93 1, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid cv. Sioux and maize plant cv. Blizzard were assayed for toxic concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) and their relationship to morphological characteristics and environmental temperature in a field and phytotron trial. In the phytotron, sorghum and maize plants ranging from emergence to heading stage, were grown under different day/night temperatures of 30125, 25/20,28/18 and 1818 degree C. Nitrate-nitrogen in sorghum and maize plants was accumulated mainly in stems. Therefore nitrate concentration in the young plants was increased as development of stalks advanced and was highest at the stage of 3-4 leaves, when the plants had a leaf weight ratio 0.78-0.80 g/g plant weight. However, nitrate concentrations of the plant decreased as morphological development progressed, especially from the stage of growing point differentiation. Correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation of nitrate concentration with leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area, while plant height, dry matter percentage and absolute growth rate showed a negative association with TEX>$NO_3$-N ($P{\le}0.1$%). Cyanogenic glycosides, total nitrogen and crude protein were close associated with nitrate accumulation, and positively significant ($P{\le}0.1$%). High temperature over 30/25^{\circ}C.$ for 3 weeks increased N-uptake and dry matter accumulation, but reduced nitrate concentration. Under cold temperature below 18/8^{\circ}C.$ concentration of nitrate-N was increased in spite of its limited nitrogen uptake and plant growth.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.411-420
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• 2003

Physical and cultural properties were investigated on the rice-seed pellets made by the pelleting machine(Yu, 2003) as the changes with mixing ratios of soil to rice seed of 6 : 1, 7 : 1, and 8 : I, and rotating speeds of forming rolls of 7, 10, and 13 rpm. Average weight, average diameter, and average sphericity of the pellets were 1.70 g, 12.0 ㎜, and 99.1 ％, respectively. Average number of seeds per pellet was more than 3, and almost all pellets had more than 3 seeds in the cases of mixing ratios of 6 : 1, and 7 : 1 at the forming rolls' speed of 7 rpm. Gradual drying was needed because rapid drying caused cracks on surface of the pellets. Compression strength of the pellets dried in shady room was in the range of 132 ∼ 152 N, which was enough for handling. Comparing with the previous pellets(Park, 2002), average number of seeds per pellet, ratio of pellets including more than 3 seeds, and compression strength increased due to the effects of pressure feed of pellet materials, and improvements of the forming rolls. Emergence ratio of the pellets made at the mixing ratio of 6 : 1 and the forming rolls' speed of 7 rpm, was 100 % on dry paddy and was 97 % on flooded paddy surface. Good growth characteristics, and yield except number of seedling stand and ratio of missing plant were shown in planting of the pellets made at the mixing ratio of 7 : 1 and the forming rolls' speed of 7 rpm on flooded paddy surface field. Considering the cultural results, the mixing ratio of 6 : 1, and the forming rolls' speed of 7 rpm seems to be optimum operating condition for the improved pelleting machine.

• 생태와환경
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2019

인간의 인위적 활동으로 인해 발생하는 중금속 중 카드뮴(Cd)과 아연(Zn)은 다양한 경로를 통해 하천으로 유입되어 서식생물에게 유해 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 도심 하천에서 우점하는 장수깔따구 (Chironomus plumosus)를 이용하여 Cd와 Zn 노출에 따른 생태독성학적 반응을 연구하였다. 생활사를 고려하여, 생존율, 성장율, 우화율, 성비와 하순기절 기형을 관찰하였다. 장수깔따구 생존율은 Cd와 Zn 노출에 따라 시간, 농도의존적인 경향을 나타냈다. 성장율은 Cd 노출 후 Day 4와 Day 7, 농도의존적인 감소를 보였으며, 고농도인 $50mg\;L^{-1}$에서 대조군에 비해 급격한 감소를 나타냈다. 또한, 우화율은 10, $50mg\;L^{-1}$ Cd에서 대조군에 비해 감소함을 관찰하였다. 성비 변화는 $100mg\;L^{-1}$ Zn에서 암컷의 비율이 증가였으나 농도가 높아짐에 따라 수컷의 비율이 높아짐을 보이며 성비불균형이 관찰되었다. 게다가, 장수깔따구의 하순기절에서는 대조군에 비해 Cd와 Zn 노출된 장수깔따구에서 기형이 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 수생태계로 유입되는 중금속이 하천의 하상저층에 서식하는 저서무척추동물에게 유해한 영향을 주며, 중금속 노출에 따른 생물학적 분석을 위한 현장 지표종으로서의 가능성을 보여주었다.