• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2014

Anastatus orientalis Yang et Gibson(Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae) is the egg parasitoid of lantern-fly Lycorma delicatula. The natural parasitism showed that: (1)the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 68.96% in Yantai Shandong; (2)the highest parasitism rate of eggs was 32.98% in Haidian Beijing; (3)the eggs of parasitoids hatched and emerged earliest in Yangling Shaanxi; emergence time of different populations in Yantai, Guangang Tianjin, Qinhuangdao Hebei and Haidian was similar; (4) the sex ratios were various among the populations ranging from 1.92 to 1.94; (5) parasitism rates of egg masses on Populus sp., Salix sp. and Toona sinensis were not significantly different, the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 64.3% on T. sinensis, and the lowest rate was 27.4% on Ailanthus altissima; (6)parasitism rates of eggs on Populus sp., Salix sp., T. sinensis and A. altissima were not significantly different, about 30% averagely.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2009

Weed control is one of the important and difficult practices in environment-sound agriculture. This study was conducted to establish environment-sound weed control in paddy fields using rice bran pellet. Application of rice bran pellet at a rate of 1${\sim}$3 Mg $ha^{-1}$ reduced weed occurrence by 46${\sim}$69% without using any chemical herbicide. However, rice bran application at a rate of greater than 2 Mg $ha^{-1}$ increased protein content in milled rice and decreased palatability value. Therefore, fertilization rate before transplanting needs to be reduced from $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ = 55-45-40 kg $ha^{-1}$ to 28-23-20 kg $ha^{-1}$, in order to decrease protein content and increase palatability value without decreasing rice yield. Pyroligneous acid and brown rice vinegar had a relatively weak activity to inhibit weed emergence compared with rice bran. When butachlor herbicide was applied at a rate of 0.75 kg $ha^{-1}$, 50% of recommended rate, co-application of rice bran pellet at a rate of 1 Mg $ha^{-1}$ enhanced weed control value from 63% to 75%.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.299-308
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• 2023

As the spectrum shortage problem has accelerated by the emergence of various services, New Radio-Unlicensed (NR-U) has appeared, allowing users who communicated in licensed bands to communicate in unlicensed bands. However, NR-U network users reduce the performance of Wi-Fi network users who communicate in the same unlicensed band. In this paper, we aim to simultaneously maximize the fairness and throughput of the unlicensed band, where the NR-U network users and the WiFi network users coexist. First, we propose an optimal power allocation scheme based on Monte Carlo Policy Gradient of reinforcement learning to maximize the sum of rates of NR-U networks utilizing rate-splitting multiple access in unlicensed bands. Then, we propose a channel occupancy time division algorithm based on sequential Raiffa bargaining solution of game theory that can simultaneously maximize system throughput and fairness for the coexistence of NR-U and WiFi networks in the same unlicensed band. Simulation results show that the rate splitting multiple access shows better performance than the conventional multiple access technology by comparing the sum-rate when the result value is finally converged under the same transmission power. In addition, we compare the data transfer amount and fairness of NR-U network users, WiFi network users, and total system, and prove that the channel occupancy time division algorithm based on sequential Raiffa bargaining solution of this paper satisfies throughput and fairness at the same time than other algorithms.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 1998

The incidence of fungi and their possible contribution to low vigour were examined in a collection of ginseng (Panax quiquefolius) seed from Ontario. When examined after one winter of stratification in the field and storage at 4f for five months in the laboratory, the collection exhibited low vigour (plant stand 16.7% of seeding rate six weeks after seeding) and high incidence (94%) of discolored or soft seed. Fungi isolated (and incidence) from 1,304 endosperm halves recovered from surface-sterilized seed were, in order of abundance, Fusarium rostrum (22.2%), Chaetomium crispuum (14.3%), Funriud oxysporum (9.0%), Fusarium sdani (9.0%), iwmor sp. (8.4%), Alternaria sp. (8.1%), Zowieua lucotricha (7.8%), Cylindruarpn sp. (0.9%), Fusarium avenacmm (0.9%), and Vdudla iliata (0.4%). Most of these fungi, including known and potential pathogens of ginseng (species of Alerraria, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, and Trichodirma), were associated with both healthy and diseased seed. Application of Benlate (benomyl), Thiram (thiram), or UBI-2584 (tebuconazole) to seed caused slight to pronounced reduction in emergence and did not significantly affect plant stand six weeks after seeding. The study demonstrated the high level of infection by fungi, including known and potential pathogens of the cry, in an arbitrary collection of ginseng seed from commercial sources, and the phytotoxicity of the fungicides tested when applied to moist stratified seed. The lack of efficacy of the fungicides precluded determination of the contribution of seedborne fungi to low vigour of the seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.244-251
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• 1998

KG101 was developed by the Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute. We reported about yield trials and local adaptability test. Growth characteristics and red ginseng quality of KG101 in local performance test can be summarized as follows. Aerial parts growth, stem and leaf, was similar about KG101 and Jakyungjong, 4-year old and 6-year old ginseng. Emergence rate of KG101 was higher than Jakyungjong in the 3 location of local performance test. Taproot diameter of KG101 was smaller than Jakyungjong and taproot shape of KG101 had fitted characteristics, radish type and human body type, to manufactured red ginseng. Raw ginseng grade, 1st and 2nd of KG101 was higher than Jakyungjong's. Chun, Jeesam ratio to manufacture of 2nd grade of raw ginseng of KG101 was 25%, Jakyungjong was 6-13% in 3 location of local performance test. Distribution of red ginseng weight of Jakyungiong was heavier than KG101 in 2 location, Kongju and Jungup, but KG101 was heavier than Jakyungjong in Ichon. Red ginseng quality of KG101 was better than Jakyungiong. Main degrade factor of red ginseng quality was inside cavity and inside white, was not different lines and location.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Dexmedetomidine, an imidazoline compound, is a highly selective ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor agonist with sympatholytic, sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties. In order to minimize the patients' pain and anxiety during minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) when compared to conventional surgery under general anesthesia, an adequate conscious sedation (CS) or monitored anesthetic care (MAC) should be provided. Commonly used intravenous sedatives and hypnotics, such as midazolam and propofol, are not suitable for operations in a prone position due to undesired respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. The great merit of dexmedetomidine for CS or MAC is the ability of the operator to recognize nerve damage during percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, a representative MISS. However, there are 2 shortcomings for dexmedetomidine in MISS: hypotension/bradycardia and delayed emergence. Its hypotension/bradycardiac effects can be prevented by ketamine intraoperatively. Using atipamezole (an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor antagonist) might allow doctors to control the rate of recovery from procedural sedation in the future. MAC, with other analgesics such as ketorolac and opioids, creates ideal conditions for MISS. In conclusion, dexmedetomidine provides a favorable surgical condition in patients receiving MISS in a prone position due to its unique properties of conscious sedation followed by unconscious hypnosis with analgesia. However, no respiratory depression occurs based on the dexmedetomidine-related endogenous sleep pathways involves the inhibition of the locus coeruleus in the pons, which facilitates VLPO firing in the anterior hypothalamus.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2012

Objectives: To estimate the multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farms specializing in cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domesticated animal feces and compost samples. Problems with resistance to antibiotics are becoming worldwide issues, and as the consumption of antibiotics appears to be excessive in Korea as well, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria shows the possibility to cause potentially serious social problems. Methods: To monitor multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial constituents, aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were isolated from domesticated animal feces and compost. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed by the disc diffusion method using 13 different antibiotics. Results: Examining the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics of the aerobic bacteria originating from domesticated animal feces, fowl feces showed the highest distribution rate (35.5%), followed by swine feces compost (23.1%), swine feces (18.2%), cattle feces (14.9%), and cattle feces compost (8.2%). Antibiotic resistance tests of aerobic bacteria and E. coli originating from domestic animals feces resulted in 83.6% and 73.5% of each strain showing resistance to more than one antibiotic, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics in livestock.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.125-125
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of GnRH or estradiol in a CIDR-based timed Al (TAI) protocol on follicular turnover, synchronized ovulation and pregnancy rates in Holstein cows. Cows were treated at random stages of the estrus cycle with an insertion of an intravigal progesterone (1.9 g) device (CIDR, Day 0) and either no other treatment (control group; n=10), injection of 100 ug fertirelin acetate (GnRH group; n=10) or 4 mg estradiol benzoate (estradiol group; n=10). Seven days later devices were removed and an injection of 25 mg $PGF_{2$\alpha$}$ was administered. On Day 9, 100 ug GnRH was administered. Cows received a fixed-time insemination 16 h after injection of the GnRH. (중략)

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.174-178
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• 2003

Pseudomonas sp. antagonistic to Colletotrichum truncatum and C. gloesporioies was selected as a biological control agent for soybean anthracnose. Pseudomonas sp. inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogens effectively as the funhicides such as benomyl and fluazinam in vitro tests without any adverse effects on soybean. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas sp. increased emergence rate of soybean seeds significantly after inoculaton with C. truncatum. When the suspension of Pseudomonas sp. was sprayed on soybean plants, the control efficacy was not different from that of fungicides, benomyl and fluazinam two weeks after treatment, however the efficacy did not last long enough after three weeks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

Surface sowing is one of the most important methods to establish and improve grassland. An interest in seed-coating technique for surface sowing has been increased tremendously in the world today. An experiment was conducted to develop a technique for pelleting seeds for pasture production in woodlands. Results showed that pelleting seeds was a better technique than coating seeds because the pelleting reduced coating time of seeds, and it increased the amounts of coated seeds per hour. The pelleting technique was able to minimize damage to seeds through the lower temperature processing and by reducing time for drying, thus, germinating energy, and germination rate of pelleted alfalfa seeds improved. Emergence, establishment, and early growth of alfalfa from pelleted seeds were also improved in woodlands. Based on this study, we could conclude that the seed-pelleting is a very useful technique for the establishment and early growth of alfalfa in woodlands.