• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and phosphorus from treated swine wastewater by Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, and to determine its biomass total energy value and biomethane potential. Plants were grown with a bedding mixture either soil and sand or soil, sand, and bioceramic. Treeated swine wastewater with Total nitrogen (TN) and Total phosphorus (TP) of 222.78 mg/L and 66.11 mg/L, respectively, was utilized. The TN and TP removal is higher in the bio-ceramic-soil-sand bedding media treatment. The highest TN removal of 96.14% was performed by Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, but the elemental analysis shows that Phragmites australis contains more nitrogen than Miscanthus sacchariflorus var Geode Uksae-1, indicating higher nitrogen uptake. The highest TP removal of 98.12% was performed by Phragmites australis. The cellulose content of the plant grown with the bioceramic-soil-sand bedding was approximately 3-6% higher than that of the plant grown in the soil-sand bedding. Different growing substrates may have an effect on the fiber content of plants. The biomethane potential of the produced biomass of the plants was between 57.01 and $99.25L-CH_4/kg$ VS. The lignin content is believed to inhibit the breakdown of plant biomass, resulting in the lowest methane production in the Phragmites australis grown in the soil-sand bedding media.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2015

In order to survey the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of particulate matter of $2.5{\mu}m$ or less ($PM_{2.5}$), $PM_{2.5}$ was sampled from 8 February 2013 to 31 March 2014 in an industrial area of Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Chemical measurements of the sample included: ionic components ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$), carbonaceous components - organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Also, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was measured based using the EC tracer method, and char-EC and soot-EC were calculated from the analytical results. The data obtained were interpreted in terms of temporal variation. Of the overall mean value of $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration obtained during the study period, ionic components, OC and EC accounted for 45.3%, 19.7%, and 8.0%, respectively. $NO_3{^-}$ showed a unique seasonal distribution pattern due to a dependence on temperature and absolute humidity. It was estimated that an approximate temperature of $14^{\circ}C$, and absolute humidity of $7g/m^3$ were critical for the reversible reaction of $NH_4NO_3(p){\leftrightharpoons}NH_3(g)+HNO_3(g)$. The amount of OC and EC contributing to the monthly $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration was higher in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer. This result could be attributed to the impact of burning biomass, since WSOC and the ratio of char-EC/soot-EC showed a similar pattern during the corresponding period. From the comparison of monthly WSOC/OC values, a maximum ratio of 83% was obtained in August (summer). The WSOC and estimated SOC levels derived from the EC tracer method correlated (R=0.77) in summer. The high occurrence of WSOC during summer was mainly due to the formation of SOC by photochemical reactions. Through long-term observation of $PM_{2.5}$ chemical components, we established that the degree to which the above-mentioned factors influence $PM_{2.5}$ composition, fluctuates with seasonal changes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.485-500
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• 2016

We examined acidity state of inorganic aerosol and oxidation state of organic aerosol by High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) at Baengnyeong Super site from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013. Additionally, we carried out the analysis for the aerosol component group of organic matter ($C_xH_y$, $C_xH_yO_1$, $C_xH_yO_z$, $C_xH_yO_zN_p$) and elemental composition to calculate H/C, O/C, N/C, OM/OC and identify the oxidation state. The aerosol chemical composition in this study is dominated by sulfate ($SO_4{^{2-}}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) plays a smaller role in aerosol acidity. Ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$) was found in a formation of $(NH_4)_3H(SO_4)_2$. However, the binding formations of $NH_4NO_3$ and $NH_4Cl$ increase in the winter. $C_xH_yO_1$ indicating the oxidized state of $PM_{1.0}$ has the highest ratio of 41% while $C_xH_y$ indicating the non-oxidized state has a lower ratio of 36%, meaning that the oxidation level of $PM_{1.0}$ in Baengnyeong Island is high. The ratio between H/C and O/C was 1.33 and 0.78 respectively, showing the characteristic of LV-OOA (Low volatility-Oxygenated Organic Aerosol). Acidic and oxidized aerosols sampled during this field study were largely anthropogenic in origin from Chinese continent and photochemically aged.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2013

The fermented manure derivative known as Preparation 500 is traditionally used as a field spray in biodynamic agriculture for maintaining and increasing soil fertility. This work aimed at characterizing the product from a microbiological standpoint and at assaying its bioactive properties. The approach involved molecular taxonomical characterization of the culturable microbial community; ARISA fingerprints of the total bacteria and fungal communities; chemical elemental macronutrient analysis via a combustion analyzer; activity assays for six key enzymes; bioassays for bacterial quorum sensing and chitolipooligosaccharide production; and plant hormone-like activity. The material was found to harbor a bacterial community of $2.38{\times}10^8$ CFU/g dw dominated by Gram-positives with minor instances of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. ARISA showed a coherence of bacterial assemblages in different preparation lots of the same year in spite of geographic origin. Enzymatic activities showed elevated values of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, chitinase, and esterase. The preparation had no quorum sensing-detectable signal, and no rhizobial nod gene-inducing properties, but displayed a strong auxin-like effect on plants. Enzymatic analyses indicated a bioactive potential in the fertility and nutrient cycling contexts. The IAA activity and microbial degradation products qualify for a possible activity as soil biostimulants. Quantitative details and possible modes of action are discussed.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 2014

The atmospheric aerosols of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island during 2012- 2013. Their ionic and elemental species were analyzed in order to examine the composition variation of the haze aerosols in accordance with the pathway of air mass. The concentrations of $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ increased 2.1~3.7 times in coarse particle and 3.1~6.5 times in fine particle modes, respectively, showing especially high $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations in fine particles during the haze days. The concentrations of S, Zn, Pb and K increased 3.0~5.6 times in coarse particles and 3.2~7.7 times in fine particles during the haze days, on the other hand Al, Fe, and Ca concentrations were high only in coarse particles. Due to the back trajectory analysis, the concentrations of $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ for haze days were high when the inflow pathway of air mass was from China, especially a high increase of $NO_3{^-}$ as through the south of China. The $NO_3{^-}/nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentration ratio was relatively high in coarse mode as air mass inflow from China, but in fine mode it was high as air mass passing through the Korean peninsula.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2013

This paper describes the electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of small biomolecules on the surface of Pt-Ru nanoparticles supported by $TiO_2$-hollow sphere prepared for use in sensor applications or fuel cells. The $TiO_2$-hollow sphere supports were first prepared by sol-gel reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide with poly(styrene-co-vinylphenylboronic acid), PSB used as a template. Pt-Ru nanoparticles were then deposited by chemical reduction of the $Pt^{4+}$ and $Ru^{3+}$ ions onto $TiO_2$-hollow sphere ($Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$). The prepared $Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$ nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The electrocatalytic efficiency of Pt-Ru nanoparticles was evaluated via ethanol, methanol, dopamine, ascorbic acid, formalin, and glucose oxidation. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) obtained during the oxidation studies revealed that the $Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$ nanocomposites showed high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of biomolecules. As a result, the prepared Pt-Ru catalysts doped onto $TiO_2$-H sphere nanocomposites supports can be used for non-enzymatic biosensor or fuel cell anode electrode.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 1983

N-Benzoylglycylanilide and N-benzoylalanylanilide derivatives were synthesized from N-benzoylglycine and N-benzoylalane with anilines. respectively. The products were identified by elemental analysis, IR, UV and NMR spectra with N-benzoylglycylanilide (I), N-benzoylglycyl-o-toluidide(II), N-benzoylglycyl-m-toluidide(III), N-benzoylglycyl-p-toluidide(IV), N-benzoyl-L-alanylanilide(V), N-bnzoyl-L-alanyl-o-toluidide(VI), N-benzoyl-L-alnnyl-m-toluidise(VII), N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-p-toluidide(VIII). These compounds were tested for their phytotoxicity to the germination and seedling growth of rice, radish, green pea plants and turf grass. Among them, N-benzoyl-Lalanyl-m-toluidide had strongly inhibitory effect on the seedling growth of radish seeds, and N-benzoyl-L-alanylanilide showed an inhibitory activity especially upon the seedling growth of turf seeds. In addition, the inhibitory rate of plant seed growth differed with the isomeric position(ortho, meta and para) of methyl group; N-benzoylglycyl-m-toluidide was more effective than both N-benzoylglycyl-o-toluidide and N-benzoylglycyl-p-toluidide derivatives, and also N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-m-toluidide was more effective than both N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-o-toluidide and N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-p-toluidide.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.727-734
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• 2018

In this study, real-time absorption coefficients of carbonaceous species in $PM_{2.5}$ was observed using a dual-spot 7-wavelength Aethalometer between November 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017 at an urban site of Gwangju. In addition, 24-hr integrated $PM_{2.5}$ samples were simultaneously collected at the same site and analyzed for organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC) using the thermal-optical transmittance protocol. A main objective of this study was to estimate mass absorption cross section (MAC) values of black carbon (BC) particles at the study site using the linear regression between aethalometer-based absorption coefficient and filter-based EC concentration. BC particles observed at 880 nm is mainly emitted from combustion of fossil fuels, and their concentration is typically reported as equivalent BC concentration (eBC). eBC concentration calculated using MAC value of $7.77m^2/g$ at wavelength of 880 nm, which was proposed by a manufacturer, ranged from 0.3 to $7.4{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average value of $1.9{\pm}1.2{\mu}g/m^3$, accounting for 7.3% (1.5~20.9%) of $PM_{2.5}$. The relationship between aerosol absorption coefficients at 880 nm and EC concentrations provided BC MAC value of $15.2m^2/g$, ranging from 11.4 to $16.2m^2/g$. The eBC concentrations calculated using the estimated MAC of $15.2m^2/g$ were significantly lower than those reported originally from aethalometer, and ranged from 0.2 to $3.8{\mu}g/m^3$, with an average of $1.0{\pm}0.6{\mu}g/m^3$, accounting for 3.7% of $PM_{2.5}$ (0.8~10.7%). Result from this study suggests that if the MAC value recommended by the manufacturer is applied to calculate the equivalent BC concentration and radiative forcing due to BC absorption, they would result in significant errors, implying investigation of an unique MAC value of BC particles at a study site.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1993

Pt-complexes is currently one of the most compounds used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, its used is limited by severe side effects such as renal toxicity. Our platinum-based drug discovery program is aimed at developing drugs capable of diminishing toxicity and improving antitumor activity. We synthesized new Pt (II) complex analogues containing 1, 2-diaminocyclohexane (dach) as carrier ligand and 1, 3-bis (diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP)/1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane (DPPE) as a leaving group. Furthermore, nitrate was added to improve the solubility. A new series of (KHPC-001) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPP)] $2NO_3$ and (KHPC-002) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPE)] $2NO_3$ were synthesized and characterized by their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), $^{13}carbon$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 demonstrated acceptable antitumor activity aganist P-388, L-1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells and significant activity as compared with that of cisplatin. The toxicity of KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 was found quite less than that of cisplatin using MTT, $[^3H]$ thymidine uptake and glucose consumption tests in rabbit proximal tubule cells and human kidney cortical cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.374-380
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• 2017

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to intelligent technologies and services that connect all things to the internet so they can interactively communicate with people, other things, and other systems. The development of the IoT environment accompanies advances in network protocols applicable to more lightweight and intelligent sensors, and lightweight and diverse environments. The development of those elemental technologies is promoting the rapid progress in smart car environments that provide safety features and user convenience. These developments in smart car services will bring a positive effect, but can also lead to a catastrophe for a person's life if security issues with the services are not resolved. Although smart cars have various features with different types of communications functions to control the vehicles under the existing platforms, insecure features and functions may bring various security threats, such as bypassing authentication, malfunctions through illegitimate control of the vehicle via data forgery, and leaking of private information. In this paper, we look at types of smart car services in the IoT, deriving the security threats from smart car services based on various scenarios, suggesting countermeasures against them, and we finally propose a safe smart car application plan.